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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 10 - Gastrointestinal System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Gastrointestinal System Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Adventitia

A

The muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

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1
Q

Absorptive cells

A

Cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorbed digested food

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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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3
Q

Ampulla of vater

A

Opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and pancreatic duct drains

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4
Q

Anal canal

A

The short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincter (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool

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5
Q

Anus

A

The distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

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6
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

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7
Q

Ascending colon

A

One of four portions of the colon; it extends upward from the cecum

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8
Q

Bile

A

A digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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9
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

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10
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

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11
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel

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12
Q

Chief cells

A

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

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13
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called gallbladder attack

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14
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

A hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility

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15
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

The presence of gallstones

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16
Q

Chyme

A

The name given to the substance that leaves the stomach once food is digested; it is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids

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17
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

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18
Q

Colon

A

A portion of the gastrointestinal system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called large intestine.

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19
Q

Colonoscope

A

A fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

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20
Q

Crypts

A

Tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucus-producing goblet cells

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21
Q

Cystic ducts

A

The route through which the gallbladder releases bile

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22
Q

Descending colon

A

One of the four portions of the colon; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

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23
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large dome-shaped muscle used for respiration that represents the boundary between the abdominal and the thoracic cavities

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24
Q

Digestion

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by body’s cells.

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25
Q

Digestive system

A

The body system that carries out the process of mechanical and chemical digestion; also called the gastrointestinal system

26
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Enzymes that break down sugars

27
Q

Diverticuli

A

Weakened area (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon

28
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticuli

29
Q

Duodenojejunal flexure

A

The sharp bend in the small intestine between duodenum and the Jejunum

30
Q

Duodenum

A

The first of three secretions of the small intestine; it extends posterior from the stomach and forms a 180° arch within the retroperitoneal portion of the abdomen

31
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

32
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

An opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

33
Q

Esophageal sphincters

A

To muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus

34
Q

Esophagus

A

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel foods and liquid through it to the stomach

35
Q

Flatus

A

Gas within the colon

36
Q

Fundus

A

The bottom of a hollow organ. In the stomach, it is a portion that balloons superior to the cardiac portion to act as a temporary storage area

37
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sac like organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile

38
Q

Gallstones

A

Rigid stones formed by digestive enzyme within the gallbladder

39
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptides

A

A hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

40
Q

Gastric pits

A

Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invagination

41
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increase stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying

42
Q

Gastritis

A

Irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells

43
Q

Gastrointestinal (G.I.) system

A

System composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract

44
Q

Goblet cells

A

Cells that produce a protective mucous lining

45
Q

Haustra

A

Recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli

46
Q

Heartburn

A

Sensation often caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called reflux esophagitis

47
Q

Hemorrhoidal plexus

A

Large veins that line the inside of the anal canal

48
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

49
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

The first turn (sharp left near the inferior boarder of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of tranverse colon

50
Q

Hepatoportal system

A

Specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from stomach and intestine through the liver for processing

51
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

A weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn

52
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

An acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that aids in digestion

53
Q

Ileocecal junction

A

The junction between the ileum and large intestine

54
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

The chemical substance produced by the parietal cells in the stomach that is important in absorption of vitamin B12

55
Q

Invagination

A

Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called gastric pits

56
Q

Jejunum

A

The middle portion of the small intestine; it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine

57
Q

Lacteal

A

A capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus

58
Q

Large intestine

A

A portion of the gastrointestinal system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called colon.

59
Q

Lipases

A

Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

60
Q

Liver

A

A large abdominal organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune response

61
Q

Lumen

A

The opening of a vessel

62
Q

Mastication

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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