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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 10 - Gastrointestinal System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Gastrointestinal System Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Adventitia

A

The muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

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1
Q

Absorptive cells

A

Cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorbed digested food

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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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3
Q

Ampulla of vater

A

Opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and pancreatic duct drains

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4
Q

Anal canal

A

The short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincter (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool

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5
Q

Anus

A

The distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

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6
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

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7
Q

Ascending colon

A

One of four portions of the colon; it extends upward from the cecum

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8
Q

Bile

A

A digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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9
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

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10
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

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11
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel

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12
Q

Chief cells

A

Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

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13
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called gallbladder attack

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14
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

A hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility

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15
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

The presence of gallstones

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16
Q

Chyme

A

The name given to the substance that leaves the stomach once food is digested; it is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids

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17
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

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18
Q

Colon

A

A portion of the gastrointestinal system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called large intestine.

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19
Q

Colonoscope

A

A fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

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20
Q

Crypts

A

Tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucus-producing goblet cells

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21
Q

Cystic ducts

A

The route through which the gallbladder releases bile

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22
Q

Descending colon

A

One of the four portions of the colon; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

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23
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large dome-shaped muscle used for respiration that represents the boundary between the abdominal and the thoracic cavities

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24
Digestion
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by body's cells.
25
Digestive system
The body system that carries out the process of mechanical and chemical digestion; also called the gastrointestinal system
26
Disaccharidases
Enzymes that break down sugars
27
Diverticuli
Weakened area (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon
28
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticuli
29
Duodenojejunal flexure
The sharp bend in the small intestine between duodenum and the Jejunum
30
Duodenum
The first of three secretions of the small intestine; it extends posterior from the stomach and forms a 180° arch within the retroperitoneal portion of the abdomen
31
Endocrine cells
Cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones
32
Esophageal hiatus
An opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
33
Esophageal sphincters
To muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus
34
Esophagus
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel foods and liquid through it to the stomach
35
Flatus
Gas within the colon
36
Fundus
The bottom of a hollow organ. In the stomach, it is a portion that balloons superior to the cardiac portion to act as a temporary storage area
37
Gallbladder
A sac like organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile
38
Gallstones
Rigid stones formed by digestive enzyme within the gallbladder
39
Gastric inhibitory peptides
A hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility
40
Gastric pits
Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invagination
41
Gastrin
A hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increase stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying
42
Gastritis
Irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells
43
Gastrointestinal (G.I.) system
System composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract
44
Goblet cells
Cells that produce a protective mucous lining
45
Haustra
Recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli
46
Heartburn
Sensation often caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called reflux esophagitis
47
Hemorrhoidal plexus
Large veins that line the inside of the anal canal
48
Hemorrhoids
Abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus
49
Hepatic flexure
The first turn (sharp left near the inferior boarder of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of tranverse colon
50
Hepatoportal system
Specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from stomach and intestine through the liver for processing
51
Hiatal hernia
A weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn
52
Hydrochloric acid
An acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that aids in digestion
53
Ileocecal junction
The junction between the ileum and large intestine
54
Intrinsic factors
The chemical substance produced by the parietal cells in the stomach that is important in absorption of vitamin B12
55
Invagination
Numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called gastric pits
56
Jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestine; it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine
57
Lacteal
A capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus
58
Large intestine
A portion of the gastrointestinal system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water; also called colon.
59
Lipases
Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat
60
Liver
A large abdominal organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune response
61
Lumen
The opening of a vessel
62
Mastication
Chewing

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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