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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 3 - The Skeletal System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Skeletal System Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

A

The point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process

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1
Q

Acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, articulates with the femoral head

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2
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) separation

A

In injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula

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3
Q

Acromion process

A

The tip of the shoulder in the sight of attachment for both the clavicle and shoulder musculature

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4
Q

alveolar arch

A

The ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thick and connected tissue and epithelium; also called alveolar ridge is

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5
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

a ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disc

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6
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system that compromises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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7
Q

Appositional growth

A

The formation of new bone on the surface of a bone

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8
Q

Atlas

A

The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head

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9
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

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10
Q

Axis

A

The second cervical vertebra, the point that allows the head to turn

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11
Q

Battle sign

A

Bruising over the mastoid process, usually from a Basilar skull fracture

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12
Q

Bone marrow

A

Specialized tissue found within bone that manufactures most erythrocytes

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13
Q

Bruxism

A

Grinding together of the upper and lower teeth

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14
Q

Bulging disk

A

A ballooning of an intervertebral disk without Frank herniation

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15
Q

Bursae

A

Small fluid filled sac located between a tendon and a bone help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing against each other

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16
Q

calcaneus

A

The heel bone

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17
Q

Callus

A

The zone of repair in which a mess of exudates and connective tissue forms around a break in a bone and convert to bone during healing

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18
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Bone that is made up of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae

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19
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

Compression of the median nerve within the carpal canal at the wrist

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20
Q

Carpals

A

The bones of the wrist; they include the scaphoid, lunate, triqutrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portion of the outer ear

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22
Q

Central disk herniation

A

The most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into the spinal canal, potentially compressing neurologic elements and causing neurologic injury

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23
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows into the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

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24
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

The seven smallest vertebrae, found in the neck

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25
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that produce cartilage

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26
Q

Clavicle

A

The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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27
Q

Closed fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone ends have not been exposed by a breakthrough of the skin

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28
Q

Coccyx

A

The tailbone

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29
Q

Compact bone

A

Bone that is mostly solid, with few spaces

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30
Q

Compression fracture

A

A fracture of the vertebral body associated with collapse of the body

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31
Q

Coronal suture

A

The point where the parietal bones join together with the frontal bone

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32
Q

Costochondritis

A

Inflammation of the Costal cartilage, which attaches to the ribs to the sternum

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33
Q

Cranium

A

The bones that encase and Protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bone

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34
Q

Crepitus

A

A grinding sound or sensation

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35
Q

Cribriform plates

A

Horizontal bones perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity

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36
Q

Crista galli

A

A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached

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37
Q

degenerative disc disease

A

A progressive form of arthritis that causes deterioration of the intervertebral disk

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38
Q

diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

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39
Q

Displaced fracture

A

A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and are not in anatomic alignment

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40
Q

Dwarfism

A

A state of abnormally small bones

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41
Q

Endochondral growth

A

The growth of cartilage in the physis (epiphyseal plate) which is eventually replaced by bone

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42
Q

Endostreum

A

A layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone

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43
Q

epicondylitis

A

An inflammation of the muscles of the elbow joint; more commonly known as tennis elbow

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44
Q

Epiphyses

A

The growth plate of a long bone

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45
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

The main supporting structure of the nasal cavity; it also forms part of the eye orbits

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46
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

An opening in the temporal bone that contains the ear canal

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47
Q

Facial skeleton

A

The maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, Vomer, inferior nasal Conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible

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48
Q

Femur

A

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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49
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bones ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body

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50
Q

Fibula

A

The long bone on the lateral aspect of the lower leg

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51
Q

Flat bones

A

Types of bones that are relatively thin and flattened

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52
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

The large opening at the bottom of the skull through which the brain connects with the spinal cord

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53
Q

Foramina

A

Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault

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54
Q

Fracture

A

A break in the continuing continuity of a bone

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55
Q

Frontal bone

A

The bone that forms the forehead and part of the roof of the nasal cavity

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56
Q

Gigantism

A

A state of bony overgrowth

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57
Q

Girdles

A

The bony belts that attach the extremities the axial skeleton

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58
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder

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59
Q

Haversian systems

A

Units of compact bone consisting of a tube (Haversian canal) with laminae of bone that surrounds them

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60
Q

Herniated disc

A

A tear in the anulus fibrosus the results in leakage of the nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots

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61
Q

Humerus

A

The supporting bone of the upper arm

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62
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

A mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that, along with collagen, comprises the structural element of bone

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63
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

The bone that supports the tongue and its muscle

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64
Q

Ilium

A

One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring

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65
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

Scroll shaped bone attached to the lateral nasal cavity walls that support the mucous membranes

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66
Q

Intervertebral disk

A

A mass of fibrocartilage between each vertebral body of the spine, composed of the anulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus

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67
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord

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68
Q

Ischium

A

One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring

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69
Q

joint

A

The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur

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70
Q

Kyphosis

A

Outward curve of the thoracic spine

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71
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac

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72
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones

73
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized

74
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint

75
Q

Ligaments

A

Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint

76
Q

Long bones

A

Type of bone that is longer than it is wide

77
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback

78
Q

Lower limbs

A

The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges

79
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

The five vertebrae of the lower back

80
Q

Mandible

A

The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face

81
Q

Mastoid process

A

A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear

82
Q

Maxillae

A

The bones that make up the upper jaw

83
Q

Medial malleolus

A

The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint

84
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow

85
Q

Meninges

A

The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain

86
Q

Menisci

A

Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints

87
Q

Metacarpals

A

The bones of the palms of the hands

88
Q

Metaphysis

A

The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located

89
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord

90
Q

Ischium

A

One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring

91
Q

joint

A

The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur

92
Q

Kyphosis

A

Outward curve of the thoracic spine

93
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac

94
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones

95
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized

96
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint

97
Q

Ligaments

A

Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint

98
Q

Long bones

A

Type of bone that is longer than it is wide

99
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback

100
Q

Lower limbs

A

The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges

101
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

The five vertebrae of the lower back

102
Q

Mandible

A

The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face

103
Q

Mastoid process

A

A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear

104
Q

Maxillae

A

The bones that make up the upper jaw

105
Q

Medial malleolus

A

The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint

106
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow

107
Q

Meninges

A

The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain

108
Q

Menisci

A

Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints

109
Q

Metacarpals

A

The bones of the palms of the hands

110
Q

Metaphysis

A

The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located

111
Q

Metatarsals

A

The bones on the soles of the feet; they from the foot arches

112
Q

Nasal bones

A

the thin, delicate bones that joined to form the bridge of the nose

113
Q

Nasal cavity

A

The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium in the roof of the mouth

114
Q

Nasal septum

A

The rigid partitions composed of bone and cartilage that separates the right and left nostrils

115
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

A fractured bone that has not moved from its normal position

116
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

The gelatinous mass that makes up the center of each intervertebral disk

117
Q

Oblique fracture

A

A fracture the forms an angle to the shaft of the bone

118
Q

Occipital bone

A

The bone that forms the back and base of the cranium

119
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Articular surface on the occipital bone where the skull articulates with the atlas on the vertebral column

120
Q

Open fracture

A

A fracture in which a bone end has penetrated the skin; also called a compound fracture

121
Q

Orbits

A

Bony cavities in the frontal skull that enclose and protect the eyes

122
Q

Ossicles

A

The three small bones in the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes

123
Q

ossification

A

The formation of bone by osteoblast

124
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells

125
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large, multinucleated cells that dissolve bone tissue and play a major role in bone remodeling

126
Q

Osteocytes

A

An osteoblast that becomes surrounded by bony matrix; a mature bone cell

127
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

A genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones

128
Q

Osteomalacia

A

An abnormal softening of bones because of the loss of calcium

129
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection

130
Q

Osteons

A

Units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called the Haversian system

131
Q

osteoporosis

A

A reduction in the quantity of bony tissue

132
Q

Palatine bones

A

Irregularly shaped bones found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity

133
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, that are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity; the frontal and maxillary sinus

134
Q

Parietal bones

A

Bones that form the upper sides and roof of the cranium

135
Q

Patella

A

The kneecap

136
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

The scapulae and clavicles

137
Q

pedicles

A

The feet of each vertebra in the vertebral arch

138
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

the hip bone

139
Q

Pelvis

A

The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones

140
Q

Periosteum

A

A double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of the bone

141
Q

Phalanges

A

The small bones of the digits of the fingers and toes

142
Q

Physis

A

The major site of bone elongation, located at each end of a long bone between the epiphysis and metaphysis; also called the growth plate

143
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland, located in the sella tunica of the brain, responsible for directly or indirectly of affecting all bodily functions

144
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

An irritation of the tough bands of connective tissue extending from the calcaneus to the metatarsal head of each toe

145
Q

Pubic arch

A

An angle formed by the anterior portion of the hip bone (pubis)

146
Q

Pubis

A

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

147
Q

Radius

A

The shorter, lateral bone of the forearm

148
Q

Ribs

A

The 12 pairs of bones that primarily make up the thoracic cage, connecting posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

149
Q

Rickets

A

A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency

150
Q

sacrum

A

One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

151
Q

Saddle joint

A

To saddle shape articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other, such as is the case with the thumb

152
Q

Sagittal suture

A

The point of the skull where the parietal bones join together

153
Q

Scapula

A

The triangular shaped bone that comprises the shoulder blade, which is an integral component of the shoulder girdle

154
Q

Scoliosis

A

Sideways curvature of the spine

155
Q

Sells turcica

A

Depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

156
Q

Short bones

A

Types of bone that are as broad as they are long

157
Q

Shoulder joint

A

A ball and socket joint consisting of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa

158
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

159
Q

Skull

A

The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consist of the 28 bones that comprise auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face

160
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

The anterior portion of the base of the cranium

161
Q

Sutures

A

Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together

162
Q

Synovial fluid

A

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

163
Q

Talus

A

A bone that articulates with the tibia, calcaneus, and navicular bone to form the lower part of the ankle joint

164
Q

Tarsals

A

The bones of the ankles; they include the medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus

165
Q

Temporal bone

A

Bones that form the lower side and base of the cranium

166
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

The joint between the temporal bone in the posterior condyle of the mandible that allows for movement of the jaw

167
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

168
Q

Thoracic cage

A

The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum

169
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

The 12 vertebrae located in the center of the vertebral column that (mostly) connect with the ribs

170
Q

Tibia

A

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

171
Q

Tinnitus

A

The perception of sound in the inner ear with no external environmental cause; often reported as ringing in the ears, but may be roaring, buzzing, or clicking

172
Q

Trabeculae

A

Bony rods that make up a lacy network of cancellous bones and are oriented to increase weight-bearing capacity of long bones

173
Q

Trismus

A

Involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth; occurs during seizures and head injuries

174
Q

Ulna

A

The longer, medial bone of the form

175
Q

Upper limbs

A

The humerus bone, radius bones, ulna bones, carpal, metacarpals, and phalanges

176
Q

Vertebral arch

A

The posterior portion of the vertebra, which contains the bony processes, facets, and pedicles

177
Q

Vertebral column

A

The spine, or primary support structure of the body, which houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves

178
Q

Vertebra Foramen

A

A hole through which spinal nerve pass from the spinal cord

179
Q

Vomer bone

A

The flap bone making up the lower posterior nasal septum

180
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

Also known as the malar bones; they form the prominence of each cheek

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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