Chapter 3 - The Skeletal System Vocabulary Flashcards
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint
The point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process
Acetabulum
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, articulates with the femoral head
Acromioclavicular (AC) separation
In injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula
Acromion process
The tip of the shoulder in the sight of attachment for both the clavicle and shoulder musculature
alveolar arch
The ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thick and connected tissue and epithelium; also called alveolar ridge is
anulus fibrosus
a ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disc
appendicular skeleton
The portion of the skeletal system that compromises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
Appositional growth
The formation of new bone on the surface of a bone
Atlas
The first cervical vertebra (C1), which provides support for the head
Axial skeleton
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
Axis
The second cervical vertebra, the point that allows the head to turn
Battle sign
Bruising over the mastoid process, usually from a Basilar skull fracture
Bone marrow
Specialized tissue found within bone that manufactures most erythrocytes
Bruxism
Grinding together of the upper and lower teeth
Bulging disk
A ballooning of an intervertebral disk without Frank herniation
Bursae
Small fluid filled sac located between a tendon and a bone help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing against each other
calcaneus
The heel bone
Callus
The zone of repair in which a mess of exudates and connective tissue forms around a break in a bone and convert to bone during healing
Cancellous bone
Bone that is made up of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Compression of the median nerve within the carpal canal at the wrist
Carpals
The bones of the wrist; they include the scaphoid, lunate, triqutrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones
Cartilage
The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portion of the outer ear
Central disk herniation
The most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into the spinal canal, potentially compressing neurologic elements and causing neurologic injury
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows into the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cervical vertebrae
The seven smallest vertebrae, found in the neck
Chondroblasts
Cells that produce cartilage
Clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Closed fracture
A fracture in which the bone ends have not been exposed by a breakthrough of the skin
Coccyx
The tailbone
Compact bone
Bone that is mostly solid, with few spaces
Compression fracture
A fracture of the vertebral body associated with collapse of the body
Coronal suture
The point where the parietal bones join together with the frontal bone
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the Costal cartilage, which attaches to the ribs to the sternum
Cranium
The bones that encase and Protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bone
Crepitus
A grinding sound or sensation
Cribriform plates
Horizontal bones perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Crista galli
A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached
degenerative disc disease
A progressive form of arthritis that causes deterioration of the intervertebral disk
diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
Displaced fracture
A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and are not in anatomic alignment
Dwarfism
A state of abnormally small bones
Endochondral growth
The growth of cartilage in the physis (epiphyseal plate) which is eventually replaced by bone
Endostreum
A layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone
epicondylitis
An inflammation of the muscles of the elbow joint; more commonly known as tennis elbow
Epiphyses
The growth plate of a long bone
Ethmoid bone
The main supporting structure of the nasal cavity; it also forms part of the eye orbits
External acoustic meatus
An opening in the temporal bone that contains the ear canal
Facial skeleton
The maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, Vomer, inferior nasal Conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible
Femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Fibroblasts
Cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bones ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body
Fibula
The long bone on the lateral aspect of the lower leg
Flat bones
Types of bones that are relatively thin and flattened
Foramen Magnum
The large opening at the bottom of the skull through which the brain connects with the spinal cord
Foramina
Small openings, perforations, or orifices in the bones of the cranial vault
Fracture
A break in the continuing continuity of a bone
Frontal bone
The bone that forms the forehead and part of the roof of the nasal cavity
Gigantism
A state of bony overgrowth
Girdles
The bony belts that attach the extremities the axial skeleton
Glenoid fossa
The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder
Haversian systems
Units of compact bone consisting of a tube (Haversian canal) with laminae of bone that surrounds them
Herniated disc
A tear in the anulus fibrosus the results in leakage of the nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots
Humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Hydroxyapatite
A mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that, along with collagen, comprises the structural element of bone
Hyoid Bone
The bone that supports the tongue and its muscle
Ilium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
Inferior nasal conchae
Scroll shaped bone attached to the lateral nasal cavity walls that support the mucous membranes
Intervertebral disk
A mass of fibrocartilage between each vertebral body of the spine, composed of the anulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus
Intervertebral foramina
The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord
Ischium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
joint
The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur
Kyphosis
Outward curve of the thoracic spine
Lacrimal bones
Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac
Lambdoid suture
The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones
Lamellae
Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
Lateral malleolus
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint
Ligaments
Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint
Long bones
Type of bone that is longer than it is wide
Lordosis
Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback
Lower limbs
The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges
Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae of the lower back
Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face
Mastoid process
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear
Maxillae
The bones that make up the upper jaw
Medial malleolus
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint
Medullary cavity
The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow
Meninges
The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain
Menisci
Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints
Metacarpals
The bones of the palms of the hands
Metaphysis
The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located
Intervertebral foramina
The opening between each vertebra through which the spinal (peripheral) nerves pass from the spinal cord
Ischium
One of the three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
joint
The point where two or more bones come together allowing movement to occur
Kyphosis
Outward curve of the thoracic spine
Lacrimal bones
Bones that make up part of eye orbits and contain the tear sac
Lambdoid suture
The point where the occipital bone attached to the parietal bones
Lamellae
Thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
Lateral malleolus
An enlargement of the distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint
Ligaments
Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones; they support and strengthen a joint
Long bones
Type of bone that is longer than it is wide
Lordosis
Inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks; an exaggerated form of lordosis results in the condition on its swayback
Lower limbs
The femur, TIbias, fibulas, Patellae, tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges
Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae of the lower back
Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the face
Mastoid process
A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear
Maxillae
The bones that make up the upper jaw
Medial malleolus
The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint
Medullary cavity
The internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains a bone marrow
Meninges
The three layers of membrane, the Dura, mater arachnoid, and pia matter, the surrounds the brain
Menisci
Shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads within some synovial joints
Metacarpals
The bones of the palms of the hands
Metaphysis
The area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge; where the physis (epiphyseal plate) is located
Metatarsals
The bones on the soles of the feet; they from the foot arches
Nasal bones
the thin, delicate bones that joined to form the bridge of the nose
Nasal cavity
The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium in the roof of the mouth
Nasal septum
The rigid partitions composed of bone and cartilage that separates the right and left nostrils
Nondisplaced fracture
A fractured bone that has not moved from its normal position
Nucleus pulposus
The gelatinous mass that makes up the center of each intervertebral disk
Oblique fracture
A fracture the forms an angle to the shaft of the bone
Occipital bone
The bone that forms the back and base of the cranium
Occipital condyles
Articular surface on the occipital bone where the skull articulates with the atlas on the vertebral column
Open fracture
A fracture in which a bone end has penetrated the skin; also called a compound fracture
Orbits
Bony cavities in the frontal skull that enclose and protect the eyes
Ossicles
The three small bones in the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes
ossification
The formation of bone by osteoblast
Osteoblast
Bone forming cells
Osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated cells that dissolve bone tissue and play a major role in bone remodeling
Osteocytes
An osteoblast that becomes surrounded by bony matrix; a mature bone cell
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones
Osteomalacia
An abnormal softening of bones because of the loss of calcium
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection
Osteons
Units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called the Haversian system
osteoporosis
A reduction in the quantity of bony tissue
Palatine bones
Irregularly shaped bones found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinus
The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, that are lined with mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity; the frontal and maxillary sinus
Parietal bones
Bones that form the upper sides and roof of the cranium
Patella
The kneecap
Pectoral girdle
The scapulae and clavicles
pedicles
The feet of each vertebra in the vertebral arch
Pelvic girdle
the hip bone
Pelvis
The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones
Periosteum
A double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of the bone
Phalanges
The small bones of the digits of the fingers and toes
Physis
The major site of bone elongation, located at each end of a long bone between the epiphysis and metaphysis; also called the growth plate
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland, located in the sella tunica of the brain, responsible for directly or indirectly of affecting all bodily functions
Plantar fasciitis
An irritation of the tough bands of connective tissue extending from the calcaneus to the metatarsal head of each toe
Pubic arch
An angle formed by the anterior portion of the hip bone (pubis)
Pubis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Radius
The shorter, lateral bone of the forearm
Ribs
The 12 pairs of bones that primarily make up the thoracic cage, connecting posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
Rickets
A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
sacrum
One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Saddle joint
To saddle shape articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other, such as is the case with the thumb
Sagittal suture
The point of the skull where the parietal bones join together
Scapula
The triangular shaped bone that comprises the shoulder blade, which is an integral component of the shoulder girdle
Scoliosis
Sideways curvature of the spine
Sells turcica
Depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
Short bones
Types of bone that are as broad as they are long
Shoulder joint
A ball and socket joint consisting of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
Skull
The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and consist of the 28 bones that comprise auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face
Sphenoid bone
The anterior portion of the base of the cranium
Sutures
Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together
Synovial fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Talus
A bone that articulates with the tibia, calcaneus, and navicular bone to form the lower part of the ankle joint
Tarsals
The bones of the ankles; they include the medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus
Temporal bone
Bones that form the lower side and base of the cranium
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The joint between the temporal bone in the posterior condyle of the mandible that allows for movement of the jaw
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Thoracic cage
The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum
Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 vertebrae located in the center of the vertebral column that (mostly) connect with the ribs
Tibia
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tinnitus
The perception of sound in the inner ear with no external environmental cause; often reported as ringing in the ears, but may be roaring, buzzing, or clicking
Trabeculae
Bony rods that make up a lacy network of cancellous bones and are oriented to increase weight-bearing capacity of long bones
Trismus
Involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth; occurs during seizures and head injuries
Ulna
The longer, medial bone of the form
Upper limbs
The humerus bone, radius bones, ulna bones, carpal, metacarpals, and phalanges
Vertebral arch
The posterior portion of the vertebra, which contains the bony processes, facets, and pedicles
Vertebral column
The spine, or primary support structure of the body, which houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
Vertebra Foramen
A hole through which spinal nerve pass from the spinal cord
Vomer bone
The flap bone making up the lower posterior nasal septum
Zygomatic bone
Also known as the malar bones; they form the prominence of each cheek
