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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

Acute adrenocortical insufficiency

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1
Q

Acromegaly

A

A disorder caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland that is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of the flat bones (the lower jaw) and if the hands and feet, abdominal organs, nose, lips, and tongue; also called gigantism

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland, it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the anterior pituitary

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal gland, it produces hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body

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4
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Glands located on top of each kidney that produce and secrete certain sex hormones, as well as other hormones that are vital to maintaining the body’s water and salt balance; also called suprarenal glands.

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5
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone with alpha and beta sympathomimetic properties, produced by the adrenal glands that mediates the “fight-or-flight” response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called epinephrine

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

One of the two main hormones responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine; increases the rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into the blood and decreases reabsorption of potassium.

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8
Q

Alpha cells

A

Cells located in the islet of Langerhans that secrete glucagon

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9
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic androgens used to increase muscle mass

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10
Q

Androgens

A

Make sex hormones

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11
Q

Androstenedione

A

A steroid sex hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, tested, and ovaries.

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary (lobe)

A

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it produces hormones that are not neurohormones; also called the Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland; it constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called vasopressin

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14
Q

Autocrine

A

Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor and a specific receptor for it.

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15
Q

Beta cells

A

Cells located in the islet of Langerhans that secrete insulin

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16
Q

Beta-endorphins

A

Proteins produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that have the same effects as opiate drugs such as morphine but are 80 times more potent

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17
Q

Calcitonin

A

A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is important in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.

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18
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Associated with environmental day and night cycles; these rhythms help the body to distinguish day from night

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19
Q

Conn syndrome

A

A condition that results in excess secretion of aldosterone, most commonly caused by a benign tumor.

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20
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Any of several steroids secreted by the adrenal gland.

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21
Q

Cortisol

A

The most important corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, it has many effects on the body.

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22
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

A condition caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands resulting in obesity, abnormal hair growth, high blood pressure, emotional disturbances, and cushingoid facies or the so-called “moonface.”

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23
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

A disorder of the pituitary gland that results in production of very large volumes of dilute urine.

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24
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A condition that results from impaired production of insulin by the pancreas

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25
Q

Dwarfism

A

Stunted growth caused by a deficiency of growth hormones.

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26
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

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27
Q

Endocrine system

A

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.

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28
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system; also called adrenaline.

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29
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones.

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30
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete chemicals for elimination.

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31
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket.

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32
Q

Feedback inhabition

A

Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body.

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33
Q

Follicles

A

Small cavity glands within the thyroid gland that contain thyroglobulin

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34
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

The hormone that regulates the production of both eggs and sperm, as well as production of reproductive hormones.

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35
Q

Gigantism

A

A disorder caused by chronic overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland that is characterized by a gradual and permanent enlargement of the flat bones (the lower jaw) and of the hands and feet, abdominal organs, nose, lips, tongue; also called acromegaly.

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36
Q

Glands

A

A cell, group of cells, or and organ that selectively removes, concentrates, or alter materials in the blood and secreted them back into the body.

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37
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level; glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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38
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

A hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands that play an important role in metabolism and inhibit inflammation.

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39
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from the noncarbohydrate molecules.

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40
Q

Glycogen

A

A long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver (animal starch)

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41
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland.

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42
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that influences the release of kuteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.

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43
Q

Gonads

A

The reproductive glands.

44
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

A hormone that stimulates growth in most tissues, especially if long bones in the extremities; also called somatotropin.

45
Q

Growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone

A

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called somatostatin.

46
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone.

47
Q

Hormone-sensitive lipase

A

An enzyme that is activated by glucagon; it breaks triglycerides down into free fatty acids and glycerol.

48
Q

Hormones

A

Substances formed in specialized groups or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.

49
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

One of the three major female hormones; it is produced by a developing embryo after conception.

50
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

A condition that results in a loss of calcium from the bones, as well as increases in serum calcium levels, caused by excess secretion of parathyroid hormones.

51
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overactivity of the thyroid gland, which results in increased metabolic rates, weight loss, rapid pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, diarrhea, and at times, abnormal protrusion of the eyes.

52
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Potentially life-threatening low blood calcium levels resulting from a loss of parathyroid function.

53
Q

Hypophysis

A

The gland that secreted hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body; also called the pituitary gland.

54
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

The part of the neuroendocrine system that involves interactions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

55
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis

A

A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress; regulates the secretion of corticosteroids.

56
Q

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A

A specialized set of blood vessels that carry releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The basal part of the diencephalon; it regulates the function of the pituitary gland.

58
Q

Infundibulum

A

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

59
Q

Inhibiting factors

A

Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called releasing factors.

60
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital in the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose levels

61
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

Specialized group of cells in the pancreas were insulin and Glucagon are produced.

62
Q

Isthmus

A

A band of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

63
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone that regulates the production of both eggs and sperm, as well as production of reproductive hormones.

64
Q

Medulla

A

The inner portion of the adrenal glands, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

65
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that functions as a biological clock, helping to regulate the circadian rhythms.

66
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that are important in the regulation of water and salt balance in the body.

67
Q

Negative feedback

A

The concept that once the desired effect of a hormone has been achieved, further production of the hormone is inhibited until it is needed again; also called feedback inhibition.

68
Q

Neurohormones

A

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary.

69
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and secretes hormones called neurohormones; also called posterior pituitary.

70
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is vital in the function of the sympathetic nervous system.

71
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Specialized neurons in the brain that regulate the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone.

72
Q

Ovaries

A

The female reproductive glands.

73
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone that causes the smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus to contract and milk to be released from the breast of lactating women.

74
Q

Pancreas

A

A flat, solid organ that lies below and behind the liver and the stomach, and which is a digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct; considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.

75
Q

Paracrine

A

Relating to a kind of hormone function in which the effects of the hormone are restricted to the local environment.

76
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Cells located between the follicles in the thyroid gland that produce the hormone calcitonin.

77
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four glands that are embedded in the posterior portion of the thyroid, they produce and secrete parathyroid hormone.

78
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands; it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function.

79
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes the hormone melatonin in response to changes in light conditions.

80
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland that secretes the hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body; also called the hypophysis.

81
Q

Positive feedback

A

The concept that once the desired effect of a hormone begins, further production of the hormone is stimulated.

82
Q

Posterior pituitary (lobe)

A

One of the two portions of the pituitary gland; it is an extension of the central nervous system and produces hormones called neurohormones; also called the neurohypophysis.

83
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone released by the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle; it is one of three major female hormones.

84
Q

Prolactin

A

A hormone that plays an important role in milk production in women.

85
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormones

A

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the inhibition of prolactin.

86
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormones

A

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that influence the release of prolactin.

87
Q

Prostaglandins

A

A group of hormone-like fatty acids that are produced in many body tissues, including the uterus, brain, and kidneys.

88
Q

Releasing factors

A

Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels; also called inhibiting factors.

89
Q

Somatomedins

A

Proteins produced in the liver, skeletal muscle, and other tissues that are stimulated by growth hormone.

90
Q

Somatostatin

A

A brownie released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone; also called growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone.

91
Q

Somatotropin

A

Hormone that stimulates growth in many tissues, especially of long bones in the extremities; also called growth hormone.

92
Q

Testes

A

The male reproductive glands.

93
Q

Testosterone

A

The major androgen produced by the testes.

94
Q

Tetany

A

Painful muscle spasm that results from several conditions including a low blood calcium level.

95
Q

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

A

One of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children as well as regulation of body metabolism.

96
Q

Thymosins

A

Hormones that affect early production and differentiation of lymphocytes.

97
Q

Thymus

A

a gland that is larger in children but shrinks with age; it secreted thymosins, which are important in early immunity by affecting production and differentiation of lymphocytes.

98
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

A protein to which thyroid hormones are bound.

99
Q

Thyroid gland

A

A large endocrine gland that is located at the base of the neck and produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism.

100
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyrotropin.

101
Q

Thyrotropin

A

A hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland; also called thyroid-stimulating hormone.

102
Q

Thyroxine-binding globulin

A

A person synthesized in the liver that binds to hormones T3 and T4.

103
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

One of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; it is essential for normal growth and development in children as well as regulation of body metabolism.

104
Q

Vasopressin

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that contracts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone.

105
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

One of the three divisions of the adrenal cortex, it produces corticosteroids.

106
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

One of the three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it produces mineralocorticoids.

107
Q

Zona reticularis

A

One of three divisions of the adrenal cortex; it secretes a few relatively weak make sex hormones, or androgens.

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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