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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

The enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine

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1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A chemical neurotransmitter that serves as the mediator in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

Achilles tendon

A

The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus

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3
Q

Actin

A

The component that makes up most of the thin protein filaments of the myofibrils

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4
Q

Action potential

A

Changes and electrical potential that occur when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus

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5
Q

Adductor brevis

A

the short muscle that adducts the thigh

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6
Q

adductor longus

A

The long muscle that adducts the hip

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7
Q

Agonist

A

The primary mover; a muscle that contracts to provide most of the desired effect

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8
Q

anal triangle

A

The area within the pelvis that contains the anus

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9
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles working in opposition to each other

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10
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bone or to the covering of other muscles

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11
Q

Bell palsy

A

A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side

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12
Q

Biceps femoris

A

Located in the posterior compartment of the leg; flexes and Laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip

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13
Q

Calmodulin

A

An intracellular proteins which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel of the blood of the circulatory system

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15
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Accumulation of blood or fluid in a facial compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression a blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognize and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb

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16
Q

Compartments

A

Anatomic spaces in the body that are enclosed by Fascia

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17
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

An organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction

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18
Q

Depolarization

A

The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cells overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions in Neural transmissions

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19
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from lungs.

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20
Q

Endomysium

A

The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers

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21
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that closely surround skeletal muscles

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22
Q

Extensor muscles

A

Groups of muscles that cause extension

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23
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside of the cells, in which most of the body supply of sodium is contained; accounts for 15% of body weight

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24
Q

Extraocular movements

A

Movement of the eyes in various directions

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25
Q

Fascia

A

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium the separate individual muscles and individual muscle groups

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26
Q

Flexor muscles

A

Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted

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27
Q

Gap junction

A

Conduction areas between cells (in visceral smooth muscles) the interconnect individual muscle cells

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28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron containing pigment within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen

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29
Q

Insertion

A

Immovable part of the body in which a skeletal muscle is fast at a movable joint

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30
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell

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31
Q

Intrinsic automaticity

A

The ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity

32
Q

Lactic acid

A

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

33
Q

Motor end plate

A

The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

34
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls

35
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

One of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundle of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen).

36
Q

Muscle

A

Fibers that contract causing movement; three types of muscle the present in the body: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

37
Q

Muscle fasciculus

A

A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of muscle

38
Q

Muscle impulse

A

One that passes in many directions over a muscle fiber membrane after stimulation by acetylcholine

39
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

40
Q

Myofibrils

A

Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

41
Q

Myoglobin

A

An iron containing red pigment similar to hemoglobin, that is found in muscle fibers

42
Q

Myosin

A

The component that makes up most of the thick protein filaments of the myofibrils

43
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system

44
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fibers; one type of a synapse

45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse

46
Q

Origin

A

A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a movable joint

47
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels

48
Q

Pectineus muscles

A

Deep muscles of the medial compartment that adduct, flex, and internally rotate the thigh

49
Q

Pectoralis major

A

The largest muscle of the chest wall; it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder

50
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

51
Q

Perineum

A

The area below the coccygeus and levator ani muscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis

52
Q

Polarized

A

When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electochemical gradient across the cell membrane

53
Q

Prime mover

A

The muscle in a group of muscles that has a major role in movement

54
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee went contracted

55
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen

56
Q

Repolarization

A

The process by which ions are moved across the cell wall to return to a polarized state

57
Q

Rotator cuff

A

A special group of four muscles that form a cap over the proximal humorous and ties the humorous to the scapula; it controls rotation of the shoulder joint

58
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber

59
Q

Sarcomeres

A

The repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each skeletal muscle fiber

60
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells

61
Q

Sartorius muscle

A

The longest muscle in the human body it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts

62
Q

Scalene muscles

A

Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration

63
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscles

64
Q

Sliding filament model

A

A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments the sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomeres from both ends

65
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the Eye; also called involuntary muscle

66
Q

Striations

A

Areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fibers

67
Q

Synapse

A

A functional connection where neurons communicate with other cells

68
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between neurons

69
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement

70
Q

Tendons

A

Tough, ropelike cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones

71
Q

Thompson test

A

A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Achilles tendon for possible ruptured

72
Q

Transverse tubules

A

T tubules; membrane is channels extending inward and passing through muscle fibers

73
Q

Tropomyosin

A

An actin binding proteins that regulate muscle contraction and other Actin related mechanical function of the body

74
Q

Troponin

A

A regulatory protein in the actin filament of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

75
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system

76
Q

Visceral smooth muscle

A

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract

77
Q

Whiplash

A

A layman’s term for traumatic soft tissue injury to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension

78
Q

Yergason test

A

Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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