Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System Vocabulary Flashcards
Acetylcholinesterase
The enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
A chemical neurotransmitter that serves as the mediator in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Achilles tendon
The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus
Actin
The component that makes up most of the thin protein filaments of the myofibrils
Action potential
Changes and electrical potential that occur when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus
Adductor brevis
the short muscle that adducts the thigh
adductor longus
The long muscle that adducts the hip
Agonist
The primary mover; a muscle that contracts to provide most of the desired effect
anal triangle
The area within the pelvis that contains the anus
Antagonist
Muscles working in opposition to each other
Aponeuroses
Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bone or to the covering of other muscles
Bell palsy
A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side
Biceps femoris
Located in the posterior compartment of the leg; flexes and Laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip
Calmodulin
An intracellular proteins which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction
Cardiac muscle
Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel of the blood of the circulatory system
Compartment syndrome
Accumulation of blood or fluid in a facial compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression a blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognize and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb
Compartments
Anatomic spaces in the body that are enclosed by Fascia
Creatine phosphate
An organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction
Depolarization
The rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes the cells overall charge. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contractions in Neural transmissions
Diaphragm
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from lungs.
Endomysium
The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that closely surround skeletal muscles
Extensor muscles
Groups of muscles that cause extension
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cells, in which most of the body supply of sodium is contained; accounts for 15% of body weight
Extraocular movements
Movement of the eyes in various directions
Fascia
A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium the separate individual muscles and individual muscle groups
Flexor muscles
Groups of muscles that cause flexion when contracted
Gap junction
Conduction areas between cells (in visceral smooth muscles) the interconnect individual muscle cells
Hemoglobin
An iron containing pigment within red blood cells that has the ability to bind to oxygen
Insertion
Immovable part of the body in which a skeletal muscle is fast at a movable joint
Intercalated disks
Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell
Intrinsic automaticity
The ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity
Lactic acid
A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
Motor end plate
The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle
Motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls
Multiunit smooth muscle
One of the two types of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundle of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen).
Muscle
Fibers that contract causing movement; three types of muscle the present in the body: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
Muscle fasciculus
A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of muscle
Muscle impulse
One that passes in many directions over a muscle fiber membrane after stimulation by acetylcholine
Musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Myofibrils
Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
Myoglobin
An iron containing red pigment similar to hemoglobin, that is found in muscle fibers
Myosin
The component that makes up most of the thick protein filaments of the myofibrils
Nerve impulse
Electrochemical changes transmitted by neurons to other neurons and to cells outside the nervous system
Neuromuscular junction
The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fibers; one type of a synapse
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse
Origin
A relatively immovable part of the body where a skeletal muscle is fastened at a movable joint
Oxygen debt
The amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels
Pectineus muscles
Deep muscles of the medial compartment that adduct, flex, and internally rotate the thigh
Pectoralis major
The largest muscle of the chest wall; it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder
Perimysium
The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers
Perineum
The area below the coccygeus and levator ani muscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis
Polarized
When a cell is at rest, ions are actively transported into and out of the cell to create an electochemical gradient across the cell membrane
Prime mover
The muscle in a group of muscles that has a major role in movement
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee went contracted
Rectus abdominis
The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen
Repolarization
The process by which ions are moved across the cell wall to return to a polarized state
Rotator cuff
A special group of four muscles that form a cap over the proximal humorous and ties the humorous to the scapula; it controls rotation of the shoulder joint
Sarcolemma
The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber
Sarcomeres
The repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells
Sartorius muscle
The longest muscle in the human body it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts
Scalene muscles
Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration
Skeletal muscle
Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain; also called voluntary muscles
Sliding filament model
A method of action of muscle contraction involving how sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments the sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomeres from both ends
Smooth muscle
Non-striated muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting the pupils of the Eye; also called involuntary muscle
Striations
Areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fibers
Synapse
A functional connection where neurons communicate with other cells
Synaptic cleft
The space between neurons
Synergists
Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement
Tendons
Tough, ropelike cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones
Thompson test
A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Achilles tendon for possible ruptured
Transverse tubules
T tubules; membrane is channels extending inward and passing through muscle fibers
Tropomyosin
An actin binding proteins that regulate muscle contraction and other Actin related mechanical function of the body
Troponin
A regulatory protein in the actin filament of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin
Urogenital triangle
The region within the pelvis that contains the structures of the urogenital system
Visceral smooth muscle
Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract
Whiplash
A layman’s term for traumatic soft tissue injury to the structures of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension
Yergason test
Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis
