Chapter 1 - Human Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy required to start a reaction

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1
Q

Acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions

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2
Q

Anatomic planes

A

Imaginary surfaces used as references to identify parts of the body

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3
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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4
Q

Anion

A

An ion that contains an overall negative charge

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

A whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Atomic weight

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest complete unit of an element that have the element’s properties; they vary in size, weight, and interactions with other atoms

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8
Q

Bases

A

Electrolytes that release ions that bind with hydrogen ions

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Substances (including sugars and starches) that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures

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10
Q

Catalyst

A

Atoms or molecules that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed during the process

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11
Q

Cation

A

An ion that contains an overall positive charge

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12
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of the composition of matter and changes in its composition

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13
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules made up of different bonded atoms

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond were Atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons

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15
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A reaction that occurs when bonds with a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions

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16
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk or near to the free end of an extremity

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17
Q

Dorsal

A

The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand

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18
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (water); chemicals dissolved in the blood

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19
Q

Electrons

A

Single, negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom

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20
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substances, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that compose matter

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21
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances designed to speed up the rate of the specific biochemical reactions

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22
Q

Exchange reaction

A

A chemical reaction where parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

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23
Q

Extension

A

The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving away from the proximal segment. Typically resulting in straightening of the limb at the joint.

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24
Q

External rotation

A

Rotating an extremity at its joint away from the midline

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25
Q

Flexion

A

The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving towards the proximal segment

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26
Q

Fowler position

A

The position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight.

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27
Q

Frontal (Coronal) plane

A

An imaginary plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior your halves

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28
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The study of the body parts that are visible to the naked eye, such as bones, muscles, and organs.

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29
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to constancy or stability and the body’s internal environment

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30
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attraction of the positive hydrogen of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule

31
Q

Hyperextension

A

When a body part is extended to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion

32
Q

Inferior

A

Below a body part or nearer to the feet

33
Q

Inorganic

A

Not having both carbon and hydrogen Atom

34
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotating the segment of the extremity distal to the joint toward the midline

35
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that either gain or lose electrons

36
Q

Isotope

A

One of two (or more) forms of an element having the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; they may or may not be radioactive

37
Q

Lateral

A

In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline; also called outer structures

38
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, fat-like substances (cholesterol and phospholipids), and oils that supply energy for body processes and building of certain structures

39
Q

Medial

A

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures

40
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

The study of tissue structures and/or cellular structures or organization, Often visible only through a microscope

41
Q

Midaxillary line

A

An imaginary line drawn through the midportion of the axilla to the waist that is parallel to the midline

42
Q

Midclavicular line

A

An imaginary line drawn through the midpoint of the clavicle that is parallel to the midline

43
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (naval) to the floor; also called the midline

44
Q

Molecule

A

Particles made up of two or more joined atoms

45
Q

Neutrons

A

Unchanged or “neutral” particles in the nucleus of an atom

46
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Large organic molecules, or macromolecules, that carry genetic information or form structures within cells, and include DNA and RNA

47
Q

Organic

A

Having both carbon and hydrogen atoms

48
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

49
Q

Peptides

A

Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

50
Q

pH

A

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

51
Q

Phospholipid

A

A type of lipid molecule that comprises the cell membrane

52
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the body functions of the living organism

53
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that uses a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally; this results in a shape that has an uneven distribution of charges

54
Q

Posterior

A

In anatomy, the back surface of the body

55
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of an extremity so that the palm faces downward

56
Q

Prone position

A

Lying flat, and face down

57
Q

Proteins

A

Created from amino acids, they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and anti-bodies

58
Q

Protons

A

Single, positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom

59
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk

60
Q

Radioisotope

A

Also known as radioactive isotopes or radio nuclides, they are atoms with unstable nuclei

61
Q

Range of motion (ROM)

A

The arc of moment of an extremity at a joint

62
Q

Recovery position

A

When a patient is placed on his or her side to allow easy drainage of fluids from the mouth; also called the left lateral recumbent position

63
Q

Recumbent

A

Any position in which the patient is laying down or leaning back

64
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called topographic anatomy

65
Q

Reversible reaction

A

A chemical reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were

66
Q

Sagittal (Lateral) plane

A

Imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right parts

67
Q

Steroid

A

Molecules with four connected rings of carbon atoms, including cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, Cortisol, estradiol.

68
Q

Superior

A

Above a body part or nearer to the head

69
Q

Supination

A

Turning the palm upward (towards the sky)

70
Q

Supine position

A

The position in which the body is lying face up

71
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (Atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure

72
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of anatomy associated with particular organ system

73
Q

Topographic anatomy

A

The study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called regional anatomy

74
Q

Transverse (axial) plane

A

An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts

75
Q

Trendelenburg position

A

The position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet

76
Q

Ventral

A

The anterior surface of the body