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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 1 - Human Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Human Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy required to start a reaction

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1
Q

Acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions

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2
Q

Anatomic planes

A

Imaginary surfaces used as references to identify parts of the body

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3
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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4
Q

Anion

A

An ion that contains an overall negative charge

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

A whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Atomic weight

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest complete unit of an element that have the element’s properties; they vary in size, weight, and interactions with other atoms

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8
Q

Bases

A

Electrolytes that release ions that bind with hydrogen ions

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Substances (including sugars and starches) that provide much of the energy required by the body’s cells, as well as helping to build cell structures

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10
Q

Catalyst

A

Atoms or molecules that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed during the process

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11
Q

Cation

A

An ion that contains an overall positive charge

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12
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of the composition of matter and changes in its composition

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13
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules made up of different bonded atoms

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond were Atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons

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15
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A reaction that occurs when bonds with a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions

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16
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk or near to the free end of an extremity

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17
Q

Dorsal

A

The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand

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18
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (water); chemicals dissolved in the blood

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19
Q

Electrons

A

Single, negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom

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20
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substances, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that compose matter

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21
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances designed to speed up the rate of the specific biochemical reactions

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22
Q

Exchange reaction

A

A chemical reaction where parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

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23
Q

Extension

A

The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving away from the proximal segment. Typically resulting in straightening of the limb at the joint.

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24
External rotation
Rotating an extremity at its joint away from the midline
25
Flexion
The bending of a joint resulting in the distal segment moving towards the proximal segment
26
Fowler position
The position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent or straight.
27
Frontal (Coronal) plane
An imaginary plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior your halves
28
Gross anatomy
The study of the body parts that are visible to the naked eye, such as bones, muscles, and organs.
29
Homeostasis
A tendency to constancy or stability and the body's internal environment
30
Hydrogen bond
The attraction of the positive hydrogen of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
31
Hyperextension
When a body part is extended to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion
32
Inferior
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
33
Inorganic
Not having both carbon and hydrogen Atom
34
Internal rotation
Rotating the segment of the extremity distal to the joint toward the midline
35
Ions
Atoms that either gain or lose electrons
36
Isotope
One of two (or more) forms of an element having the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; they may or may not be radioactive
37
Lateral
In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline; also called outer structures
38
Lipids
Fats, fat-like substances (cholesterol and phospholipids), and oils that supply energy for body processes and building of certain structures
39
Medial
Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures
40
Microscopic anatomy
The study of tissue structures and/or cellular structures or organization, Often visible only through a microscope
41
Midaxillary line
An imaginary line drawn through the midportion of the axilla to the waist that is parallel to the midline
42
Midclavicular line
An imaginary line drawn through the midpoint of the clavicle that is parallel to the midline
43
Midsagittal plane
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (naval) to the floor; also called the midline
44
Molecule
Particles made up of two or more joined atoms
45
Neutrons
Unchanged or "neutral" particles in the nucleus of an atom
46
Nucleic acid
Large organic molecules, or macromolecules, that carry genetic information or form structures within cells, and include DNA and RNA
47
Organic
Having both carbon and hydrogen atoms
48
Pathophysiology
The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state
49
Peptides
Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
50
pH
The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
51
Phospholipid
A type of lipid molecule that comprises the cell membrane
52
Physiology
The study of the body functions of the living organism
53
Polar molecule
A molecule that uses a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally; this results in a shape that has an uneven distribution of charges
54
Posterior
In anatomy, the back surface of the body
55
Pronation
Rotation of an extremity so that the palm faces downward
56
Prone position
Lying flat, and face down
57
Proteins
Created from amino acids, they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and anti-bodies
58
Protons
Single, positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom
59
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
60
Radioisotope
Also known as radioactive isotopes or radio nuclides, they are atoms with unstable nuclei
61
Range of motion (ROM)
The arc of moment of an extremity at a joint
62
Recovery position
When a patient is placed on his or her side to allow easy drainage of fluids from the mouth; also called the left lateral recumbent position
63
Recumbent
Any position in which the patient is laying down or leaning back
64
Regional anatomy
Study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called topographic anatomy
65
Reversible reaction
A chemical reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were
66
Sagittal (Lateral) plane
Imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right parts
67
Steroid
Molecules with four connected rings of carbon atoms, including cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, Cortisol, estradiol.
68
Superior
Above a body part or nearer to the head
69
Supination
Turning the palm upward (towards the sky)
70
Supine position
The position in which the body is lying face up
71
Synthesis reaction
A reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (Atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure
72
Systemic anatomy
The study of anatomy associated with particular organ system
73
Topographic anatomy
The study of anatomy associated with a particular body region; also called regional anatomy
74
Transverse (axial) plane
An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts
75
Trendelenburg position
The position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet
76
Ventral
The anterior surface of the body

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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