Chapter 5: Cardiology Flashcards
does not include pathology
angi/o
blood or lymph vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
brady-
slow
cardi/o
heart
-crasia
a mixture or blending
-emia
blood, blood condition
erythr/o
red
hem/o, hemat/o
blood, relating to the blood
leuk/o
white
phleb/o
vein
tachy-
fast, rapid
thromb/o
clot
ven/o
vein
blood is a ____ tissue
fluid
what are the 3 major structures of the cardiovascular system?
heart, blood vessels, blood
what is the apex
lower tip of heart
what is the pericardium + alt. name
pericardial sac, double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
membranous means
pertaining to a membrane
what is the parietal pericardium
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the ❤️
what is pericardial fluid
btwn pericardium and parietal pericardium that acts as a lubricant to prevent friction
what is the visceral pericardium
inner layer of the pericardium but OUTER layer of the heart
what is the visceral percicardium alt. name and why?
epicardium; when it is the outer layer of the ❤️
3 walls of the ❤️?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
epicardium is
ext. layer of the ❤️ and inner layer of the pericardium
myocardium is , + alt. name and explain
middle and thickest of ❤️ layers; myocardial muscle made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue
endocardium is + what is it made of
inner lining of the heart, made of epithelial tissue
the endocardium comes in _____________ with blood to _____
direct contact; pump though the heart
what supplies the myocardium?
coronary arteries
coronary arteries are
arterties that supply OXYGEN RICH blood to the myocardium
what do veins remove?
waste prods from myocardium
atria are
two upper chambers of heart
what separates atria
interarterial septum
atria are ____ chambers
RECEIVING (blood)
ventricles are
two lower chambers of the heart
what separates the ventricles
interventricular septum
why are the walls of ventricles thicker than atria?
they pump blood throughout whole body so more Work
second def. of ventricle?
normal hollow chamber of the brain
4 valves that control blood flow?
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral valve, aortic semilunar
tricuspid valve does what and where
opening btwn right atrium and right ventricle (3 points/cusps)
pulmonary semilunar valve is where
btwn right ventricle and pulmonary artery
mitral valve is where + alt. name
btwn left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve
aortic semilunar valve is where
btwn left ventricle and aorta
what is the general flow of blood through diff. pts of heart?
RA (deo)>RV>LA(oxy)>LV
pulmonary circulation is
flow of blood only btwn heart and lungs
pulmonary arteries do what
carry deoxy bl. out of RV and into lungs
where is the only place in the body where deoxy. bl. is carried by arteries instead of veins?
pulmonary arteries
what happens in the lungs
CO2 from body is exchanged for O2 from inhaled air
pulmonary veins do what
carry oxygenated blood from lungs to LA
only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary veins
systemic circulation means
flow of blood to all body pts. except lungs
oxygenated blood goes from ___ to ____
LV; arterial circulation
veins carry deoxy blood to____
RA
after RA, blood flows into ___
pulmonary circulation
heartbeat is
ability to pump bl. effectively throughout the body
contraction and relaxation must occur…
in exactly the correct sequence
electrical impulses are
impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium and chambers of the heart
what is in the conduction system
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His
sinoatrial node is where
posterior wall of RA near entrance of SVC
the SA node is also called the
natural pacemaker
impulses from SA..
start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart
the impulse in the RA causes what
it to spread across both atria > both contract at the same time and blood > ventricles
AV node is where
floor of the RA near interarterial septum
Bundle of His is what and where
group of fibers within inter ventricular system that carry electrical impulse to ensure heart contractions (R and L branches)
where do electrical impulses go from bundle of his
purkinje fibers
who are purkinje fibers named after and what do they do/where
Jan Purkyne; conductive fibers location within walls of the ventricles that causes ventricles of contract
contraction of the ventricles does what
forces blood out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary arteries
sinus rhythm is
normal beating of the heart
P wave is due to
stimulation of atria
QRS complex is due to
stimulation of the ventricles
T wave is due to
recovery of the ventricles
3 types of blood vessels are
arteries, capillaries, and veins
arteries are
large BV that carry blood from heart to all regions of the body
how many layers do arteries have and why
3; so they can expand and contract
endaarterial means
within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
arterial blood is
oxygen rich and bright red
aorta is and where
largest BV in body; LV to the heart and main trunk of arterial system
carotid arteries are
arteries that carry blood upward to headco
common carotid artery is where
each side of neck
what does the common carotid artery divide into and what does that do
internal carotid artery; O2 rich bl. to brain
external carotid artery does what
bl. to face
arterioles are
smaller branches of arteries that carry blood to capillaries flow of arterial bl. slows here
capillaries are..
smallest BV in body that form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver O2 and nutrients to tissues
what happens at capillaries
exchange of O2, nutrients, and waste materials
after leaving cells, ____ of this fluid is _____ and enters the ___
90%; oxygen poor and has waste products; opposite end of the capillary bed thru venues
___ of the fluid becomes
10%; lymph
veins do what
form a low pressure collecting system to return O2 poor bl. to heart
venules are
smallest veins that join to larger veins
walls of veins are ____ and less _____ than those of arteries
thinner; elastic
venous blood continues its flow at an ___ speed as it continues its return journey to heart
increased
veins have ____ that enable bl flow to only TOWARD the heart
valves
superficial veins are located
near body surface
deep veins are located
within tissues and away from body surface
venae cavae do what
largest veins in body; return blood into heart
superior vena vaca does what
transport blood from the upper potion of the body to the heart
inferior vena cava does what
transports blood from lower portion of body to heart
pulse is
rhythmic pressure against walls of artery caused by contraction of heart
blood pressure is
measurement of amt. of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against artery walls
systolic pressure occurs when
ventricles contract
systole means
contraction of the heart
diastolic pressure occurs hen
ventricles relax
diastole means
relaxation of the heart
blood is ___ plasma and____ formed elements
55%;45%
what is plasma and what does it contain
a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
plasma is ___ water and ____ what?
Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins.
serum is
is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed.
fibrinogen and prothrombin are
clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding.
what are the formed elements of the blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
what are erythrocytes +fxn.
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow ;trans- port oxygen to the tissues.
how is oxygen transported
hemoglobin
what is hemoglobin
is the oxygen-carrying blood pro- tein pigment of the erythrocytes
-globin means
protein
what are leukocytes + fxn
white blood cells (WBCs), are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and for- eign substances
types of WBC?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
what are neutrophils + fxn
most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
what is phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.
what are basophils + fxn
least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies.
what are eosinophils + fxn
formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions.
what are lymphocytes + fxn
red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Lympho- cytes identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.
what are monocytes + fxn
ormed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immu- nological defenses against many infectious orgs
what are thrombocytes
platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clot- ting of blood
what happens to thrombocytes when BV is damaged
thrombocytes are activated and become sticky.
what happens when thrombocytes are sticky
they form a clot to stop bleeding
how are blood types classified
presence or absence of certain antigens.
what is an antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
Rh factor is (not def.)
+/-
4 major blood types are
A, AB, B, O
what is Rh factor (def.)
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
___ percent of Americans have Rh antigen (positive)
85
____ percent of Americans do not have Rh antigen (negative)
15
why is Rh an important consideration
for blood transfusions
how can Rh factor cause difficulties
when an Rh-positive infant is born to an Rh-negative mother
what are the 3 major blood gases
oxygen O2, carbon dioxide CO2, and nitrogen N2
what is a cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
what is a hematologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormali- ties, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood- forming tissues
what is a vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.
