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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5: Cardiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cardiology Flashcards

does not include pathology

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

blood or lymph vessel

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2
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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4
Q

ather/o

A

plaque, fatty substance

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5
Q

brady-

A

slow

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6
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

-crasia

A

a mixture or blending

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8
Q

-emia

A

blood, blood condition

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9
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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10
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood, relating to the blood

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11
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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12
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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13
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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14
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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15
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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16
Q

blood is a ____ tissue

A

fluid

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17
Q

what are the 3 major structures of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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18
Q

what is the apex

A

lower tip of heart

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19
Q

what is the pericardium + alt. name

A

pericardial sac, double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

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20
Q

membranous means

A

pertaining to a membrane

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21
Q

what is the parietal pericardium

A

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the ❤️

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22
Q

what is pericardial fluid

A

btwn pericardium and parietal pericardium that acts as a lubricant to prevent friction

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23
Q

what is the visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of the pericardium but OUTER layer of the heart

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24
Q

what is the visceral percicardium alt. name and why?

A

epicardium; when it is the outer layer of the ❤️

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25
Q

3 walls of the ❤️?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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26
Q

epicardium is

A

ext. layer of the ❤️ and inner layer of the pericardium

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27
Q

myocardium is , + alt. name and explain

A

middle and thickest of ❤️ layers; myocardial muscle made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue

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28
Q

endocardium is + what is it made of

A

inner lining of the heart, made of epithelial tissue

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29
Q

the endocardium comes in _____________ with blood to _____

A

direct contact; pump though the heart

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30
Q

what supplies the myocardium?

A

coronary arteries

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31
Q

coronary arteries are

A

arterties that supply OXYGEN RICH blood to the myocardium

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32
Q

what do veins remove?

A

waste prods from myocardium

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33
Q

atria are

A

two upper chambers of heart

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34
Q

what separates atria

A

interarterial septum

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35
Q

atria are ____ chambers

A

RECEIVING (blood)

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36
Q

ventricles are

A

two lower chambers of the heart

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37
Q

what separates the ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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38
Q

why are the walls of ventricles thicker than atria?

A

they pump blood throughout whole body so more Work

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39
Q

second def. of ventricle?

A

normal hollow chamber of the brain

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40
Q

4 valves that control blood flow?

A

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral valve, aortic semilunar

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41
Q

tricuspid valve does what and where

A

opening btwn right atrium and right ventricle (3 points/cusps)

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42
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve is where

A

btwn right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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43
Q

mitral valve is where + alt. name

A

btwn left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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44
Q

aortic semilunar valve is where

A

btwn left ventricle and aorta

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45
Q

what is the general flow of blood through diff. pts of heart?

A

RA (deo)>RV>LA(oxy)>LV

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46
Q

pulmonary circulation is

A

flow of blood only btwn heart and lungs

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47
Q

pulmonary arteries do what

A

carry deoxy bl. out of RV and into lungs

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48
Q

where is the only place in the body where deoxy. bl. is carried by arteries instead of veins?

A

pulmonary arteries

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49
Q

what happens in the lungs

A

CO2 from body is exchanged for O2 from inhaled air

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50
Q

pulmonary veins do what

A

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to LA

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51
Q

only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

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52
Q

systemic circulation means

A

flow of blood to all body pts. except lungs

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53
Q

oxygenated blood goes from ___ to ____

A

LV; arterial circulation

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54
Q

veins carry deoxy blood to____

A

RA

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55
Q

after RA, blood flows into ___

A

pulmonary circulation

56
Q

heartbeat is

A

ability to pump bl. effectively throughout the body

57
Q

contraction and relaxation must occur…

A

in exactly the correct sequence

58
Q

electrical impulses are

A

impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium and chambers of the heart

59
Q

what is in the conduction system

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His

60
Q

sinoatrial node is where

A

posterior wall of RA near entrance of SVC

61
Q

the SA node is also called the

A

natural pacemaker

62
Q

impulses from SA..

A

start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart

63
Q

the impulse in the RA causes what

A

it to spread across both atria > both contract at the same time and blood > ventricles

64
Q

AV node is where

A

floor of the RA near interarterial septum

65
Q

Bundle of His is what and where

A

group of fibers within inter ventricular system that carry electrical impulse to ensure heart contractions (R and L branches)

66
Q

where do electrical impulses go from bundle of his

A

purkinje fibers

67
Q

who are purkinje fibers named after and what do they do/where

A

Jan Purkyne; conductive fibers location within walls of the ventricles that causes ventricles of contract

68
Q

contraction of the ventricles does what

A

forces blood out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary arteries

69
Q

sinus rhythm is

A

normal beating of the heart

70
Q

P wave is due to

A

stimulation of atria

71
Q

QRS complex is due to

A

stimulation of the ventricles

72
Q

T wave is due to

A

recovery of the ventricles

73
Q

3 types of blood vessels are

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

74
Q

arteries are

A

large BV that carry blood from heart to all regions of the body

75
Q

how many layers do arteries have and why

A

3; so they can expand and contract

76
Q

endaarterial means

A

within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

77
Q

arterial blood is

A

oxygen rich and bright red

78
Q

aorta is and where

A

largest BV in body; LV to the heart and main trunk of arterial system

79
Q

carotid arteries are

A

arteries that carry blood upward to headco

80
Q

common carotid artery is where

A

each side of neck

81
Q

what does the common carotid artery divide into and what does that do

A

internal carotid artery; O2 rich bl. to brain

82
Q

external carotid artery does what

A

bl. to face

83
Q

arterioles are

A

smaller branches of arteries that carry blood to capillaries flow of arterial bl. slows here

84
Q

capillaries are..

A

smallest BV in body that form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver O2 and nutrients to tissues

85
Q

what happens at capillaries

A

exchange of O2, nutrients, and waste materials

86
Q

after leaving cells, ____ of this fluid is _____ and enters the ___

A

90%; oxygen poor and has waste products; opposite end of the capillary bed thru venues

87
Q

___ of the fluid becomes

A

10%; lymph

88
Q

veins do what

A

form a low pressure collecting system to return O2 poor bl. to heart

89
Q

venules are

A

smallest veins that join to larger veins

90
Q

walls of veins are ____ and less _____ than those of arteries

A

thinner; elastic

91
Q

venous blood continues its flow at an ___ speed as it continues its return journey to heart

A

increased

92
Q

veins have ____ that enable bl flow to only TOWARD the heart

A

valves

93
Q

superficial veins are located

A

near body surface

94
Q

deep veins are located

A

within tissues and away from body surface

95
Q

venae cavae do what

A

largest veins in body; return blood into heart

96
Q

superior vena vaca does what

A

transport blood from the upper potion of the body to the heart

97
Q

inferior vena cava does what

A

transports blood from lower portion of body to heart

98
Q

pulse is

A

rhythmic pressure against walls of artery caused by contraction of heart

99
Q

blood pressure is

A

measurement of amt. of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against artery walls

100
Q

systolic pressure occurs when

A

ventricles contract

101
Q

systole means

A

contraction of the heart

102
Q

diastolic pressure occurs hen

A

ventricles relax

103
Q

diastole means

A

relaxation of the heart

104
Q

blood is ___ plasma and____ formed elements

A

55%;45%

105
Q

what is plasma and what does it contain

A

a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products

106
Q

plasma is ___ water and ____ what?

A

Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins.

107
Q

serum is

A

is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed.

108
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin are

A

clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding.

109
Q

what are the formed elements of the blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

110
Q

what are erythrocytes +fxn.

A

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow ;trans- port oxygen to the tissues.

111
Q

how is oxygen transported

A

hemoglobin

112
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

is the oxygen-carrying blood pro- tein pigment of the erythrocytes

113
Q

-globin means

A

protein

114
Q

what are leukocytes + fxn

A

white blood cells (WBCs), are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and for- eign substances

115
Q

types of WBC?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

116
Q

what are neutrophils + fxn

A

most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

117
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.

118
Q

what are basophils + fxn

A

least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies.

119
Q

what are eosinophils + fxn

A

formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions.

120
Q

what are lymphocytes + fxn

A

red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Lympho- cytes identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.

121
Q

what are monocytes + fxn

A

ormed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immu- nological defenses against many infectious orgs

122
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clot- ting of blood

123
Q

what happens to thrombocytes when BV is damaged

A

thrombocytes are activated and become sticky.

124
Q

what happens when thrombocytes are sticky

A

they form a clot to stop bleeding

125
Q

how are blood types classified

A

presence or absence of certain antigens.

126
Q

what is an antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

127
Q

Rh factor is (not def.)

A

+/-

128
Q

4 major blood types are

A

A, AB, B, O

129
Q

what is Rh factor (def.)

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

130
Q

___ percent of Americans have Rh antigen (positive)

A

85

131
Q

____ percent of Americans do not have Rh antigen (negative)

A

15

132
Q

why is Rh an important consideration

A

for blood transfusions

133
Q

how can Rh factor cause difficulties

A

when an Rh-positive infant is born to an Rh-negative mother

134
Q

what are the 3 major blood gases

A

oxygen O2, carbon dioxide CO2, and nitrogen N2

135
Q

what is a cardiologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

136
Q

what is a hematologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormali- ties, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood- forming tissues

137
Q

what is a vascular surgeon

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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