Ch.5 Cardiology: Pathology Flashcards
doesn't have meds
disorders of the heart can be _____ or ____
congenital; develop at any time throughout life
1 cause of death in US
heart disease
def
Congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.
def
congenital
means present at birth.
fill
congenital heart defects can be ____ at birth or found _____
present; later in life
def
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to heart muscle
alt
other names for coronary artery disease
coronary heart disease; ischemic heart disease
cause
what does CAD cause
insuffi- cient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death.
q
most common type of heart disease?
CAD
q
what is end stage CAD characterized by
unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle.
def
atherosclerosis
ardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cho- lesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
q
where is plaque found
lumen of an artery
def
plaque
fatty deposit
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lumen
opening within BV through which blood flows
fill
plaque can ____ outward into the _____ from ____
where can it ____ inward?
protude; lumen;wall of BV
protrude inward of BV
def
atheroma
a character- istic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
def
ischemia
a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
def
isch
to hold back
def
cardiac ischemia
the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.
def
angina
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
alt.
angina
angina pectoris
q
causes of angina?
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
def
stable angina
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest.
def
unstable angina
may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction.
process
progression of CAD>MI?
- normal artery with open lumen
- small atheroma, elevated cholesterol and blood fats
- enlarging atheroma
- moderate atherosclerotic narrowing of lumen
- moderate myocardial ischemia
- angina pectoris
- complete occlusion due to Ca deposit
- severe acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
def+alt
myocardial infarction
occlu-sion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.
heart attack
def
infarction
a sudden insufficiency of blood.
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infarct
a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.
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tissue death
necrosis
fill
damage to myocardium impairs _____
the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body
cause
damage to cerebral arteries causes
stroke
cause
damage to carotid arteries causes
stroke
cause
damage to aorta causes
aneurysm
cause (2)
damage to coronary arteries causes
angina, MI
cause
damage to renal arteries causes
hypertension
cause
damage to iliac arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
cause
damage to femoral arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
cause
damage to tibial arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
q
most frequent Sx’s of MI
pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw, or left arm.
fill
individuals having a heart attack may have ____ or ____
mild symptoms; none at all
q
atypical symptoms of MI in women
weakness and fatigue
def+why and in whom
heart failure
lso referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues.
cause
heart failure causes
heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion.
def
congestion
fluid buildup
causes
left-sided heart failure
an accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema
cause
why does pulmonary edema occur
left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body; increase in pressure = localized fl. accumulation
causes
right-sided heart failure
fluid buildup through- out the rest of the body.
cause
why does right sided heart failure occur
left-sided heart failure
cause
why does fl. buildup occur for right sided heart failure and where
heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs.
def + assn. with what and why
cardiomegaly
the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
def
carditis
inflammation of the heart
q
types of carditis
endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis
def
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
def
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the linng or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
bacteria from bleeding during dental surgery> bloodstream
def
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
causes
pericarditis causes
accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac> restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.
def
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infectio
def
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
def
dilated myopathy
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
slow progression, Sx only when advanced
def
dilation
expansion of a hollow structure
def
heart murmur
an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neigh- boring large blood vessels.
cause
cause of heart murmurs
defective heart valves
usually no surgery
def
valvulitis
an inflammation of a heart valve
def
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
def
prolapse
the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
named for affected valve (ex: mitral valve prolapse)
def
valvular stenosis
narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.
named for affected valve (ex: aortic stenosis)
def
arrhythmia
loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
minor, temporary, fatal
q
severity of arrhythmia depends on
how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.
q
arrhythmias are usually bc of ab. in
electrical conduction system
def+ alt
asystole
flat line;** complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.** The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body
certifies death
systole = contraction
def
cardiac arrest
the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.
fill
sudden cardiac death results when
reatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes.
def
heart block
ongenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.
def
bradycardia
normally slow resting heart rate
q
bradycardia is applied to heart rate of
less than 60 bpm
q
how can bradycardia occur
the passage of electricity from top to bot- tom of the heart is partially or totally blocked
def
tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate
q
tachycardia is applied to a heart rate of
over 100 bpm
def+alt.
supraventricular tachycardia
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; epi- sode that during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the (AV) node
def. alt
ventricular tachycardia
V-tach; very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
q
why can V-tach be fatal
heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.
q
how can V-tach be controlled
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
def
fibrillation
a potentially life-threatening fast and **irregular **heartbeat
def+alt
atrial fibrillation
A-fib, is the most common type of tachy- cardia; normal rhythmic contractions of atria replaced by rapid/uncontrolled twitching of heart wall
causes
a-fib causes
irregular and quivering action of the atria
fill
some of impulses from a-fib can __________ and _______
reach the ventricles ; produce irregular heartbeat of 80-180 bpm
def+alt
ventricular fibrillation
v-fib; rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
quivers ineffectively
q
v-fib can cause…
sudden cardiac deaths
def+assn.
palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm.
associated w heart disorders + panic attacks
def
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood vessel
q
types of vasculitis?
angiitis, arteritis, phlebitis
def+occurrance
polyarteritis
vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
rare but serious, occurs when immune cells attack affected arteries
def+alt.
temporal arteritis
giant cell arteritis; is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms.
q
how is temporal arteritis diagnosed
Bx shows presence of abnormally large cells
q
what can temporal arteritis cause
unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke.
def
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
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hemangioma
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
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hypoperfusion
a defi- ciency of blood passing through an organ or body part.
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perfusion
low of blood through the vessels of an organ.
def
aneurysm
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.
named for artery involved
fill
an aneurysm is fatal bc of _____
rapid loss of blood
ex
3 examples of types of aneurysms
- aortic aneurysm
- abdominal aortic aneurysm
- popliteal aneurysm
def+alt
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries; is any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
def
arteriostenosis
abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
def+alt
chronic venous insufficiency
venous insufficiency; is a condition in which venous circula- tion is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.
q
what is primarily affected by chronic venous insufficiency
feet and ankles
also causes discoloration of skin
def+alt and why
phlebitis
thrombophlebitis;
inflammation of a vein. called thromobphlebitis bc walls of vein are infiltrated and a clot is formed
q
where does phlebitis usually occur
superificial vein
def and usually where?
varicose veins
bnor- mally swollen veins that usually occur in the superfi- cial veins of the legs.
cause
what causes varicose veins
veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge.
def
thrombosis
pl. thromboses
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
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thrombus
pl. thrombi
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
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thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
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thrombotic
caused by a thrombus
def
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.
q
example of how a thrombus can form
legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car.
def
embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
named for causative factor/location
q
examples of types of embolisms
air,fat, pulmonary
def
embolus
foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
def
embol-
something inserted
def
peripheral vascular diseases
isorders of blood ves- sels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys.
def+alt
peripheral arterial disease
PAD
peripheral arterial occlusive disease;
peripheral vas- cular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis.
fill
PAD is common and affects ____ of all pts over ____ of age
> 20%; 70 yrs
def
ankle-brachial index
way of determining PAD severity to compare ankle BP with arm BP
assn.
what is PAD associated with
intermittent claudication
def
raynaud’s disease
PAD in which intermittent attacks are caused by cold/stress
def
pallor
paleness
def
cyanosis
blue color
q
Sx of Raynaud’s disease
caused by constricted circulation
pallor (pale- ness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.
def
blood dyscrasia
pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
def+alt
hemochromatosis
iron overload disease; genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
def
chromat
color
fill
excess iron from hemochromatosis enters ____ and accumulates in ____ where is causes ________
bloodstream;organs;damage
def+alt
leukopenia
decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulat- ing in the blood
low WBC count
q
risk of leukopenia is
developing/having difficulty fighting infections
def
polycythemia
abnor- mal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.
def+alt (2)
sepsis
septicemia; blood poisoning; potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.
q
sepsis can cause damage to (and why)
multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.
def
thrombocytopenia
condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
assn.
thrombocytopenia
ab. bleeding
def
thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
def
hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
def
transfusion reaction
severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.
def
cholesterol
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.
q
cholesterol aids in production of (3)
- cell membranes
- hormones
- vitamin D
fill
cholesterol comes from ____ or ____
dietary sources; liver
q
total cholesterol is measured in
measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.
q
desirable/borderline/high levels for total cholesterol
- < 200 mg/dL
- 200-239 mg/dL
- > 240 mg/dL
q and alt
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) does what
bad cholesterol; excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
q
optimal/near optimal/borderline high/high/very high for LDL
- < 100 mg/dL
- 100-129 mg/dL
- 130-159 mg/dL
- 160-189 mg/dL
- > 190 mg/dL
q+alt
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) does what
good cholesterol; carries uneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing and doesnt cause plaque buildup
q
low/high HDL
- < 40 mg/dL
- > 60 mg/dL
def
triglycerides
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.
q
norma/borderline high/high/very high for triglycerides
- < 150 mg/dL
- 150-199 mg/dL
- 200-499 mg/dL
- > 500 mg/dL
def
hyperlipidemia
term for elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances
def
myelodysplastic syndrome
cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
q
myelodysplastic syndrome can lead to
acute myeloid leukemia
def
leukemia
named by how quickly they progress + type
cancer char- acterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in ** blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood**
qex
4 most common types of leukemia
- acute myeloid leukemia
- chronic myeloid leukemia
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
def+causes what?
anemia
lower-than-normal num- ber of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and SOB
q
how is severity of anemia measured
amt. of hemoglobin in the blood
q
what happens when there is inadequate hemoglobin
all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.
def
aplastic anemia
absence of **all **formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
anemia,leukopenia,thrombocytopenia
q
thrombocytopenia results in bleeding from ________ and _______
mucous membranes and skin
def
iron-deficiency anemia
most common form of anemia
q
how is iron normally obtained
thru food intake and recycling iron from RBC
q
what happens with iron deficiency
bl. cant carry oxygen effectively
def+caused by
megaloblastic anemia
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
deficiency of folic acid or B12
def
pernicious anemia
by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
q
vitamin B12 is necessary for?
forming RBC
def
hemolytic anemia
nadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
def
hemolytic
pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells
q
2 most common types of hemolytic anemia
sickle cell; thalassemia
def
sickle cell anemia
causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells> abnormal sickle shape which interferes with normal blood flow and causes damage
def
thalassemia
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.
def/alt
hypertension
HTN
high blood pressure; is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
def/alt (2)
essential hypertension
primary; idiopathic; consistently elevated BP of unknown cause
def
seconary hypertension
caused by a different medical problem (ex: kidney disorder)
def
malignant hypertension
very high blood pressure.
assn.
malignant hypertension
damage of brain, optic nerves, heart/kidney failure
def+ Sx
hypotension
ower-than-normal arterial blood pressure
dizziness, light-headedness, fainting
def/alt
orthostatic hypotension
postural hypotension; low BP when standing up
def
orthostatic
relating to an upright or standing position.
q
normal BP?
less than 120/ less than 80
q
prehypertension?
btwn 120-139/ btwn 80-89
q
stage 1 hypertension
btwn 140-159/90-99
q
stage 2 hypertension
> 160/>100
