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Medical Terminology > Ch.5 Cardiology: Pathology > Flashcards

Ch.5 Cardiology: Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

disorders of the heart can be _____ or ____

A

congenital; develop at any time throughout life

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2
Q

1 cause of death in US

A

heart disease

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3
Q

def

Congenital heart defects

A

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.

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4
Q

def

congenital

A

means present at birth.

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5
Q

fill

congenital heart defects can be ____ at birth or found _____

A

present; later in life

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6
Q

def

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to heart muscle

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7
Q

alt

other names for coronary artery disease

A

coronary heart disease; ischemic heart disease

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8
Q

cause

what does CAD cause

A

insuffi- cient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death.

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9
Q

q

most common type of heart disease?

A

CAD

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10
Q

q

what is end stage CAD characterized by

A

unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle.

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11
Q

def

atherosclerosis

A

ardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cho- lesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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12
Q

q

where is plaque found

A

lumen of an artery

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13
Q

def

plaque

A

fatty deposit

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14
Q

def

lumen

A

opening within BV through which blood flows

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15
Q

fill

plaque can ____ outward into the _____ from ____

where can it ____ inward?

A

protude; lumen;wall of BV

protrude inward of BV

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16
Q

def

atheroma

A

a character- istic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

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17
Q

def

ischemia

A

a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

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18
Q

def

isch

A

to hold back

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19
Q

def

cardiac ischemia

A

the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.

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20
Q

def

angina

A

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.

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21
Q

alt.

angina

A

angina pectoris

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22
Q

q

causes of angina?

A

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.

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23
Q

def

stable angina

A

occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest.

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24
Q

def

unstable angina

A

may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction.

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25
Q

process

progression of CAD>MI?

A
  1. normal artery with open lumen
  2. small atheroma, elevated cholesterol and blood fats
  3. enlarging atheroma
  4. moderate atherosclerotic narrowing of lumen
  5. moderate myocardial ischemia
  6. angina pectoris
  7. complete occlusion due to Ca deposit
  8. severe acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
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26
Q

def+alt

myocardial infarction

A

occlu-sion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

heart attack

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27
Q

def

infarction

A

a sudden insufficiency of blood.

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28
Q

def

infarct

A

a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.

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29
Q

def

tissue death

A

necrosis

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30
Q

fill

damage to myocardium impairs _____

A

the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body

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31
Q

cause

damage to cerebral arteries causes

A

stroke

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32
Q

cause

damage to carotid arteries causes

A

stroke

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33
Q

cause

damage to aorta causes

A

aneurysm

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34
Q

cause (2)

damage to coronary arteries causes

A

angina, MI

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35
Q

cause

damage to renal arteries causes

A

hypertension

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36
Q

cause

damage to iliac arteries causes

A

peripheral vascular disease

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37
Q

cause

damage to femoral arteries causes

A

peripheral vascular disease

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38
Q

cause

damage to tibial arteries causes

A

peripheral vascular disease

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39
Q

q

most frequent Sx’s of MI

A

pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw, or left arm.

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40
Q

fill

individuals having a heart attack may have ____ or ____

A

mild symptoms; none at all

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41
Q

q

atypical symptoms of MI in women

A

weakness and fatigue

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42
Q

def+why and in whom

heart failure

A

lso referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues.

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43
Q

cause

heart failure causes

A

heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion.

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44
Q

def

congestion

A

fluid buildup

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45
Q

causes

left-sided heart failure

A

an accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema

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46
Q

cause

why does pulmonary edema occur

A

left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body; increase in pressure = localized fl. accumulation

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47
Q

causes

right-sided heart failure

A

fluid buildup through- out the rest of the body.

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48
Q

cause

why does right sided heart failure occur

A

left-sided heart failure

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49
Q

cause

why does fl. buildup occur for right sided heart failure and where

A

heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs.

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50
Q

def + assn. with what and why

cardiomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

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51
Q

def

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

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52
Q

q

types of carditis

A

endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis

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53
Q

def

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

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54
Q

def

bacterial endocarditis

A

inflammation of the linng or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.

bacteria from bleeding during dental surgery> bloodstream

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55
Q

def

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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56
Q

causes

pericarditis causes

A

accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac> restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

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57
Q

def

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infectio

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58
Q

def

cardiomyopathy

A

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

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59
Q

def

dilated myopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly

slow progression, Sx only when advanced

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60
Q

def

dilation

A

expansion of a hollow structure

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61
Q

def

heart murmur

A

an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neigh- boring large blood vessels.

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62
Q

cause

cause of heart murmurs

A

defective heart valves

usually no surgery

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63
Q

def

valvulitis

A

an inflammation of a heart valve

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64
Q

def

valvular prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

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65
Q

def

prolapse

A

the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

named for affected valve (ex: mitral valve prolapse)

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66
Q

def

valvular stenosis

A

narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

named for affected valve (ex: aortic stenosis)

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67
Q

def

arrhythmia

A

loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.

minor, temporary, fatal

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68
Q

q

severity of arrhythmia depends on

A

how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.

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69
Q

q

arrhythmias are usually bc of ab. in

A

electrical conduction system

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70
Q

def+ alt

asystole

A

flat line;** complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.** The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body

certifies death

systole = contraction

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71
Q

def

cardiac arrest

A

the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.

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72
Q

fill

sudden cardiac death results when

A

reatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes.

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73
Q

def

heart block

A

ongenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.

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74
Q

def

bradycardia

A

normally slow resting heart rate

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75
Q

q

bradycardia is applied to heart rate of

A

less than 60 bpm

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76
Q

q

how can bradycardia occur

A

the passage of electricity from top to bot- tom of the heart is partially or totally blocked

77
Q

def

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid resting heart rate

78
Q

q

tachycardia is applied to a heart rate of

A

over 100 bpm

79
Q

def+alt.

supraventricular tachycardia

A

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; epi- sode that during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the (AV) node

80
Q

def. alt

ventricular tachycardia

A

V-tach; very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

81
Q

q

why can V-tach be fatal

A

heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.

82
Q

q

how can V-tach be controlled

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

83
Q

def

fibrillation

A

a potentially life-threatening fast and **irregular **heartbeat

84
Q

def+alt

atrial fibrillation

A

A-fib, is the most common type of tachy- cardia; normal rhythmic contractions of atria replaced by rapid/uncontrolled twitching of heart wall

85
Q

causes

a-fib causes

A

irregular and quivering action of the atria

86
Q

fill

some of impulses from a-fib can __________ and _______

A

reach the ventricles ; produce irregular heartbeat of 80-180 bpm

87
Q

def+alt

ventricular fibrillation

A

v-fib; rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

quivers ineffectively

88
Q

q

v-fib can cause…

A

sudden cardiac deaths

89
Q

def+assn.

palpitation

A

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm.

associated w heart disorders + panic attacks

90
Q

def

vasculitis

A

inflammation of a blood vessel

91
Q

q

types of vasculitis?

A

angiitis, arteritis, phlebitis

92
Q

def+occurrance

polyarteritis

A

vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

rare but serious, occurs when immune cells attack affected arteries

93
Q

def+alt.

temporal arteritis

A

giant cell arteritis; is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms.

94
Q

q

how is temporal arteritis diagnosed

A

Bx shows presence of abnormally large cells

95
Q

q

what can temporal arteritis cause

A

unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke.

96
Q

def

angiostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

97
Q

def

hemangioma

A

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

98
Q

def

hypoperfusion

A

a defi- ciency of blood passing through an organ or body part.

99
Q

def

perfusion

A

low of blood through the vessels of an organ.

100
Q

def

aneurysm

A

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.

named for artery involved

101
Q

fill

an aneurysm is fatal bc of _____

A

rapid loss of blood

102
Q

ex

3 examples of types of aneurysms

A
  1. aortic aneurysm
  2. abdominal aortic aneurysm
  3. popliteal aneurysm
103
Q

def+alt

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries; is any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

104
Q

def

arteriostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

105
Q

def+alt

chronic venous insufficiency

A

venous insufficiency; is a condition in which venous circula- tion is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.

106
Q

q

what is primarily affected by chronic venous insufficiency

A

feet and ankles

also causes discoloration of skin

107
Q

def+alt and why

phlebitis

A

thrombophlebitis;
inflammation of a vein. called thromobphlebitis bc walls of vein are infiltrated and a clot is formed

108
Q

q

where does phlebitis usually occur

A

superificial vein

109
Q

def and usually where?

varicose veins

A

bnor- mally swollen veins that usually occur in the superfi- cial veins of the legs.

110
Q

cause

what causes varicose veins

A

veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge.

111
Q

def

thrombosis

pl. thromboses

A

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

112
Q

def

thrombus

pl. thrombi

A

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

113
Q

def

thrombotic occlusion

A

blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

114
Q

def

thrombotic

A

caused by a thrombus

115
Q

def

coronary thrombosis

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

116
Q

def

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.

117
Q

q

example of how a thrombus can form

A

legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car.

118
Q

def

embolism

A

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

named for causative factor/location

119
Q

q

examples of types of embolisms

A

air,fat, pulmonary

120
Q

def

embolus

A

foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

121
Q

def

embol-

A

something inserted

122
Q

def

peripheral vascular diseases

A

isorders of blood ves- sels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys.

123
Q

def+alt

peripheral arterial disease

PAD

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease;

peripheral vas- cular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis.

124
Q

fill

PAD is common and affects ____ of all pts over ____ of age

A

> 20%; 70 yrs

125
Q

def

ankle-brachial index

A

way of determining PAD severity to compare ankle BP with arm BP

126
Q

assn.

what is PAD associated with

A

intermittent claudication

127
Q

def

raynaud’s disease

A

PAD in which intermittent attacks are caused by cold/stress

128
Q

def

pallor

A

paleness

129
Q

def

cyanosis

A

blue color

130
Q

q

Sx of Raynaud’s disease

caused by constricted circulation

A

pallor (pale- ness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.

131
Q

def

blood dyscrasia

A

pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

132
Q

def+alt

hemochromatosis

A

iron overload disease; genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

133
Q

def

chromat

A

color

134
Q

fill

excess iron from hemochromatosis enters ____ and accumulates in ____ where is causes ________

A

bloodstream;organs;damage

135
Q

def+alt

leukopenia

A

decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulat- ing in the blood

low WBC count

136
Q

q

risk of leukopenia is

A

developing/having difficulty fighting infections

137
Q

def

polycythemia

A

abnor- mal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.

138
Q

def+alt (2)

sepsis

A

septicemia; blood poisoning; potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.

139
Q

q

sepsis can cause damage to (and why)

A

multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.

140
Q

def

thrombocytopenia

A

condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

141
Q

assn.

thrombocytopenia

A

ab. bleeding

142
Q

def

thrombocytosis

A

abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

143
Q

def

hemorrhage

A

loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

144
Q

def

transfusion reaction

A

severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

145
Q

def

cholesterol

A

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.

146
Q

q

cholesterol aids in production of (3)

A
  1. cell membranes
  2. hormones
  3. vitamin D
147
Q

fill

cholesterol comes from ____ or ____

A

dietary sources; liver

148
Q

q

total cholesterol is measured in

A

measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.

149
Q

q

desirable/borderline/high levels for total cholesterol

A
  1. < 200 mg/dL
  2. 200-239 mg/dL
  3. > 240 mg/dL
150
Q

q and alt

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) does what

A

bad cholesterol; excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

151
Q

q

optimal/near optimal/borderline high/high/very high for LDL

A
  1. < 100 mg/dL
  2. 100-129 mg/dL
  3. 130-159 mg/dL
  4. 160-189 mg/dL
  5. > 190 mg/dL
152
Q

q+alt

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) does what

A

good cholesterol; carries uneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing and doesnt cause plaque buildup

153
Q

q

low/high HDL

A
  1. < 40 mg/dL
  2. > 60 mg/dL
154
Q

def

triglycerides

A

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.

155
Q

q

norma/borderline high/high/very high for triglycerides

A
  1. < 150 mg/dL
  2. 150-199 mg/dL
  3. 200-499 mg/dL
  4. > 500 mg/dL
156
Q

def

hyperlipidemia

A

term for elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances

157
Q

def

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

158
Q

q

myelodysplastic syndrome can lead to

A

acute myeloid leukemia

159
Q

def

leukemia

named by how quickly they progress + type

A

cancer char- acterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in ** blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood**

160
Q

qex

4 most common types of leukemia

A
  1. acute myeloid leukemia
  2. chronic myeloid leukemia
  3. acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  4. chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
161
Q

def+causes what?

anemia

A

lower-than-normal num- ber of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and SOB

162
Q

q

how is severity of anemia measured

A

amt. of hemoglobin in the blood

163
Q

q

what happens when there is inadequate hemoglobin

A

all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.

164
Q

def

aplastic anemia

A

absence of **all **formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

anemia,leukopenia,thrombocytopenia

165
Q

q

thrombocytopenia results in bleeding from ________ and _______

A

mucous membranes and skin

166
Q

def

iron-deficiency anemia

A

most common form of anemia

167
Q

q

how is iron normally obtained

A

thru food intake and recycling iron from RBC

168
Q

q

what happens with iron deficiency

A

bl. cant carry oxygen effectively

169
Q

def+caused by

megaloblastic anemia

A

blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

deficiency of folic acid or B12

170
Q

def

pernicious anemia

A

by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract

171
Q

q

vitamin B12 is necessary for?

A

forming RBC

172
Q

def

hemolytic anemia

A

nadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen

173
Q

def

hemolytic

A

pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells

174
Q

q

2 most common types of hemolytic anemia

A

sickle cell; thalassemia

175
Q

def

sickle cell anemia

A

causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells> abnormal sickle shape which interferes with normal blood flow and causes damage

176
Q

def

thalassemia

A

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.

177
Q

def/alt

hypertension

HTN

A

high blood pressure; is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

178
Q

def/alt (2)

essential hypertension

A

primary; idiopathic; consistently elevated BP of unknown cause

179
Q

def

seconary hypertension

A

caused by a different medical problem (ex: kidney disorder)

180
Q

def

malignant hypertension

A

very high blood pressure.

181
Q

assn.

malignant hypertension

A

damage of brain, optic nerves, heart/kidney failure

182
Q

def+ Sx

hypotension

A

ower-than-normal arterial blood pressure

dizziness, light-headedness, fainting

183
Q

def/alt

orthostatic hypotension

A

postural hypotension; low BP when standing up

184
Q

def

orthostatic

A

relating to an upright or standing position.

185
Q

q

normal BP?

A

less than 120/ less than 80

186
Q

q

prehypertension?

A

btwn 120-139/ btwn 80-89

187
Q

q

stage 1 hypertension

A

btwn 140-159/90-99

188
Q

q

stage 2 hypertension

A

> 160/>100

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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