Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/I, chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
-desis
to bind, tie together
kyph/o
bent, hump
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
-lysis
loosening or setting free
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
ossification
process in which the skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone
osteoblasts
rebuild bone
osteoclasts
break down old/damaged bone
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
compact bone (cortical)
dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. (75% of bone matter)
spongy bone (cancellous)
red bone marrow located, sponge like and lighter than compact
medullary cavity
stores yellow and red bone marrow
medullary means
pertaining to the inner section
endosteum
tissue that lines medullary cavity
red bone marrow
hemopoietic tissue that makes RBC, WBC, thrombocytes, hemoglobin
hemopoietic means
pertaining to formation of RBC
yellow bone marrow is
a fat storage area, mainly fat cells (RED> YELLOW bone marrow)
cartilage is
smooth rubbery connective tissue that acts as shock absorber btwn bones (skeleton, outer ear, tip of nose)
articular cartilage ….
covers surfaces of bones where they come together (articulate) to make smooth joint movement and prevents bones from rubbing
meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (knee, TMJ)
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones covered w articular cartilage (proximal and distal)
foramen (pl. foramina)
opening in bone where blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
foramen magnum
spinal cord passes through, in occipital bone
process
normal projection on surface of a bone for attachment of muscle or tendon
mastoid process
bony projection located on temporal bones behind the ears
joints are also called
articulations
fibrous joints are
inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.
what are fibrous joints in adults called?
sutures
fontanelles are
soft spots on skull of newborn
Cartilaginous joints are
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
what does the pubic symphysis do?
allows for movement in childbirth
synovial joints are created …
where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
2 types of synovial joints?
ball and socket joint; hinge joint
3 components of synovial joints?
synovial capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid
synovial capsule is
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial membrane is
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid is
acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
ligaments are
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
the bursa is
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
typical human adult has how many bones? what is range?
206 bones, 206 to 350
axial skeleton is separated into which parts ? (5)
(1) the bones of the skull; (2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear; (3) the hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid; (4) the rib cage; and (5) the vertebral column.
upper extremities are
shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
lower extremities are
hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
what is an appendage?
is anything that is attached to a major part of the body
what does appendicular mean?
relating to an appendage
An extremity is…
is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg
how many bones does the skull consist of? (explain division of bones)
28 bones: 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear
what is the cranium ?
portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
what are cranial bones joined by?
sutures
frontal bones
the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
parietal bones
two of
the largest bones of 💀 they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
occipital bone
form back of 💀 and base of cranium
temporal bones
sides and base of cranium
sphenoid bone
irregular wedge shaped bone at the base of 💀 makes contact w other cranial bones + forms base+ sides of 💀+floors/sides of eye sockets
ethmoid bone
light spongy 🦴 at roof and sides of 👃; separates nasal cavity from brain and forms portion of each orbit 👁️
orbit
boney socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball 👁️
auditory ossicles are (name)
3 tiny bones in each middle ear 👂 : malleus, incus, stapes
sinuses are..
air-filled cavities in bones
purpose of sinuses?
lighten the weight of the skull 💀
nasal bones form.. (and how many?)
2; upper part of bridge of nose 👃
zygomatic bones do.. (and how many?)
2; cheekbones!! articulate w the frontal bone that makes forehead 🧑🦲
maxillary bones do what? (and how many)
2; form most of upper jaw also known as maxillae
palatine bones do what (how many?)
2; anterior part of hard palate of the mouth 👄 and floor of nose 👃
lacrimal bones do what? (how many?)
2; part of orbit at the inner angle 👁️
inferior conchae do what? (how many?)
2; thin bones that form part of the interior of the nose
vomer bone forms…
base of the nasal septum 👃
mandible is..
JAWBONE; only movable bone of the skull 💀
what is the mandible joined to?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
what does the thoracic cavity consist of? (3)
ribs, sternum, upper portion of spinal column from neck>diaphragm
true ribs are… and what do they do?
the first seven pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to sternum
false ribs are… and what do they do?
next 3 pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to cartilage that > sternum
floating ribs are… what what do they do?
last 2 pairs; attach posteriorly to vertebrae
sternum is divided into which parts? (3)
manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus), xiphoid process
manubrium is
bony structure the is upper portion of sternum
gladiolus is
bony structure that forms middle portion of sternum
xiphoid process is
cartilage structure that forms the lower portion go sternum
the shoulders form what?
the pectoral girdle/shoulder girdle
girdle means
structure that encircles the body
clavicle is ..
collar bone that connections to manubrium to the scapula
scapula is..
shoulder blade
acromion is ..
extension of scapula that forms high point of shoulder
the humerus is..
bone of upper arm 💪
radius is
smaller and shorter bone of forearm +THUMB side
ulna is
larger+longer bone of forearm+PINKY side
the proximal end of the ulna does what?
articulates w distal end of humerus> elbow joint !
olecranon process is..
FUNNY 😄 bone 🦴; large projection on upper end of ulna+ forms elbow and exposes a nerve hence tingle hehe
carpals are.. (and how many?)
8 bones; form the wrist and form bony passage called carpal tunnel
metacarpals are.. (and how many)
5; form palms of hand
phalanges are.. (how many?)
14; fingers/toes
each of the 4 fingers has ___ bones which are …
3; distal, middle, proximal
thumb has how many bones? what are they?
2; distal and proximal
spinal column does what?
also called vertebral column; protects spinal cord and supports head
how many vertebrae in spinal cord?
26
anterior portion of the vertebra is called
body of the vertebra
posterior portion of vertebra is called
lamina
vertebral foramen is
opening in middle of vertebra where spinal cord goes thru
transverse and spinous processes do what?
attach to muscles/tendons
intervertebral disks are
cartilage disks that separate + cushion vertebrae from each other
cervical vertebrae are the ….. vertebrae and they form …
first seven ; form the neck (c1-c7)
thoracic vertebrae are the …. vertebrae and they form..
second set of 12 (t1-t12) and attached to ribs to form outward curve of spine
lumbar vertebrae are… and they form…
third set of 5; (L1-L5) form the inward curve of the lower spine
largest and strongest vertebrae are?
lumbar
the sacrum is ..
slightly curved triangular shapes bone near base of spine+forms lower portion of back
at birth the sacrum is … bones. then they..
5; fuse into 1 bone
the coccyx is
TAILBONE; end of spine and made up of 4 FUSED vertebrae
pelvis (bony pelvis) does what?
protects internal organs and supports lower extremities
what does the pelvis include
ilium, ischium, pubis (PELVIC GIRDLE)
the ilium is
broad bone that forms back and sides of pubic bone 🦴
the sacroiliac is
slightly movable articulation btwn sacrum and post. port. of ilium
ischium is
posterior port. of pubic bone 🦴 and bears wt. of body when sitting 🪑
pubis is
anterior port. of pubic bone below urinary bladder
at birth the ilium, ischium, pubis are.. and then they form..
3 separate; form left and right pubic bones
how are the ilium, ischium, and pubis held together
pubic symphysis
symphysis means
place where 2 bones closely joined
pubic symphysis is
cartilaginous joint that united L and R pubic bones + SLIGHT movement
the acetabulum is..
HIP SOCKET, circular cavity in each side of pelvis that articulates w head of femur to make hip 🦛 joint
the femurs are
largest bones in the body
femoral means
pertaining to the femur
the femoral neck is
narrow area below head of femur 🦴
patella is
KNEECAP; bony anterior portion of the knee
popliteal means
posterior space behind knee
cruciate ligaments do what?
(anterior and posterior) make knee movement possible
tibia is
SHINBONE; larger anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg 🦵
fibula is
smaller of two bones of leg 🦵
each ankle is made of ___ ____
7; tarsals
malleolus is
rounded bony projection on tibia+fibula
talus is
ankle bone that articulates w tibia and fibula
calcaneus is
heel bone; LARGEST tarsal bone 🦴
the foot is composed of ___ ____
5 metatarsals
phalanges are
bones of toes 🦶
big toe has how many phalanges?
2
a chiropractor has what degree and what do they do
doctor of chiropractic; manipulative treatment of disorders in spine
manipulative treatment means
manually adjusting positions of bones 🦴
orthopedic surgeon does what
physician who specializes in Dx, Tx diseases involving bones/joints/muslces
osteopath has what degree and what do they do
doctor of osteopathy (DO); traditional medical tx and spinal manipulation
podiatrist has what degree and what do they do
doctor of podiatry (DP) or doctor or podiatric medicine (DPM) dx and tx disorders of foot 🦶
rheumatologist does what
physician who specializes in Tx of arthritis and disorders caused by inflammation in joints and connective tiss
BDT means
bone density testing
CR means
closed reduction
Fx means
fracture
OP means
osteoporosis
PKR means
partial knee replacement
PMR means
polymyalgia rheumatica
RA means
rheumatoid arthritis
THA means
total hip arthroplasty
TKA means
total knee arthroplasty
