Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
aden/o
gland
adip/o
fat
anter/o
before, front
caud/o
lower part of the body, tail
cephal/o
head
cyt/o, -cyte
cell
end-, endo-
in, within, inside
exo-
out of, outside, away from
hist/o
tissue
-ologist
specialist
-ology
the science or study of
path/o, -pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
development, growth, formation
poster/o
behind, toward the back
-stasis, -static
control, maintenance of a constant level
anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi= nature, physical; -ology= study of
vertical plane
up-and-down plane
sagittal plane
plane that divides the body into unequal left and right positions
midsagittal plane
plane that divides the body into equal left and right positions
midline
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
coronal plane, right angles to the sagittal plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
waist or any other level
ventral
front or belly side of the organ or body
opposite of dorsal
dorsal
back of the organ or body
opposite of ventral
anterior
situated in the front or on the front/forward part of an organ
opposite of posterior
superior
uppermost, above or toward the head
opposite of inferior
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
opposite of superior
cephalic
toward the head
caudal
lower part of the body, tail
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
opposite of distal
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
opposite of proximal
medial
toward or nearer the midline
opposite of lateral
lateral
toward or nearer the side of the body
opposite of medial
what does the dorsal cavity contain
the back of the body and head
cranial cavity
surrounds and protects the brain
spinal cavity
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
what does the ventral cavity contain?
body organs that sustain homeostatis
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, thorax
surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic as one unit
inguinal
relating to the groin
right and left hypochondriac regions
regions below the ribs
chondr/i
cartilage
epigastric region
located above the stomach
right and left lumbar regions
near the inward curve of the spine
lumb-
lower back
umbilical region
surrounds umbilicus (belly button)
right and left iliac regions
hear hip bones
ili-
hip bone
hypogastric region
below the stomach
quadrant
divided into four
peritoneum
membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abd. cavity
parietal peritoneum
outler layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abd. wall
parietal
cavity wall
mesentery
fused double layer of the peritoneum that attaches pts. of the intestine > abd. wall
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds organs of abd. cavity
visceral
relating to internal organs
retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
ex: kidneys
cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytologist
specialist in the sttudy and analysis of cells
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds + protects the contents of the cell from ext. env.
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not pt. of the nucleus
nucleus
controls activities of the cell and helps cell divide
stem cells
unspecialized cells that can renew themselves by cell division
adult stem cells
somatic stem cells
undifferentiated cells within a tissue/organ. primary role to maintain+repair tissue they are found in
hemopoietic
blood forming
graft vs. host disease
poor match btwn donor and recipient
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated stem cells that can form ANY adult cell
where do embryonic stem cells come from (2)?
cord blood or surplus embyros in vitro (test tube)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic
present @ birth, respiratory+digestive systems
down syndrome
genetic
trisomy 21, sp. facial appearance, dev. delays, phys. ab.
hemophilia
genetic
no blood clotting, spontaneous hemmorhages
Huntington’s disease (HD)
genetic
50/50 change, nerve degeneration
muscular dystrophy
genetic
progressive muslc degeneration
phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic
phenylalanine hydroxylase missing
histology
study of structure, composition, fxns. of tissues
4 types of tissues?
nerve, epithelial, muscular, connective
NEMC
epithelium
forms epidermis and layer of mucuous membranes
endothelium
lines blood, lymph vessels, body cav., glands, orgs.
connective tissue
support+connect orgs. & body tiss.
dense connective tissue
bone/cartilage
adipose connective tissue
(fat); padding, insulation, support
loose connective tissue
various orgs; nerve cells+blood vessels
liquid connective tissue
blood+lymph; transports nutrients & waste prod.
aplasia
defective dev./congenital ab. of organ or tissue
hypoplasia
incomplete dev. of organ/tiss. bc of low # cells
anaplasia
change in structure of cells/orientation
ana=backwards
dysplasia
ab. dev. of cells/tissues/orgs.
hyperplasia
enlargement of orgs./tiss. bc high # cells
different from hypertrophy
hypertrophy
increase bulk of body pt/org. not bc of high # cells; no tumor form.
gland
sp. epithelial cells that produce secretions
exocrine gland
chem. > ducts»orgs/out of body
sweat glands
endocrine glands
create hormones w/o ducts> dir. into bloddstream and orgs./struct.
aden/o
gland
adenoid
mass of lymphoid tissue @ posterior upper pharynx
resembles glandular tissue
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor originated in glandular tissue
adenoma
benigh tumor that starts/resembles glandular tissue
adenomalacia
ab. soft. of a gland
adenosis
disease/condxn. of a gland
adenosclerosis
ab. hard. of a gland
adenectomy
surg. removal of a gland
organ
independent pt. of the body that performs sp. fxn.
pathology
study of all aspects of diseases
pathologist
physician that specializes in lab. analysis of diseas. tiss. samp. to confirm/establish Dx
etiology
study of causes of diseases
pathogen
disease prod. microorg.
transmission
spread of disease
contamination
presence of a pathogen
communicable disease
contagious
person>person, thru indirect/direct contact
measles
indirect contact transmission
susceptible person inf. thru contact w/ contam. surface
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease thru inf. bl./body fl. containing inf. blood
HIV, Hep B, STDs
droplet transmission
large respiratory droplets thru cough/sneeze
measles, cold, flu
airborne transmission
thru floating germs in the air
TB, measles, chicken pox
food-borne and waterborne transmission
fecal-oral
by eat/drink contam. food not treated to remove pathogens
vector borne transmission
bite of a vector (animal/flies/etc.)
mosquitoes> malaria and West Nile
7 disease transmissions?
communicable, indirect contact, bloodborne, droplet, airborne, food-borne/waterborne, vector-borne
epidemiologist
specialist in studying outbrek of diseases within pop.
epidemic
SUDDEN widespread outbreak w/n pop.
sudden outbreak of measles
endemic
ONGOING presence of disease w/n pop./group/area
common cold
pandemic
outbreak over large geo. area or worldwide
covid-19 pandemic
functional disorder
produces symptoms w/o identified phys./anat. cause
panic attack
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response from prescription of med
burns from radiation therapy
idiopathic disorder
illness w/o known cause
fibromyalgia
infectious
illness from pathogenic orgs.
hepatitis B
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in hospital/clinical setting
MRSA
organic disorder
symptoms detectable by changes in body
chicken pox
congenital disorder
ab. condition present @ birth
developmental disorder
birth defect
malformation/anomaly @ birth
anomaly
deviation from norm
atresia
congenital abs. of normal body opening/failure of tubular structure
anal atresia
congenital abs. of opening of anus
pulmonary atresia
congenital abs. of pulmonary valve
prenatal influences
mother’s health, behavior, prenatal care
what is rubella in infants caused by?
the mother has the infection
what is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by?
mom has high consumption of alcohol
traits of FAS?
phys., behavioral, growth abn.; brain damage difficulty socializing
signs of lack of prenatal care
premature delivery, low birth weight
what is a premature birth defined as?
earlier than 37 weeks of delivery> srs health problems (heart/breathe)
birth injuries
congenital disorders not present b4 perinatal events
cerebral palsy
birth injury
caused by brain damage; premature birth and low O2
geriatrics
gerontology
study of med. problems and care of older ppl
post-mortem
after death
autopsy
examination done post-mortem
