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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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3
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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4
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of the body, tail

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5
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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6
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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7
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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8
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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9
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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10
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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11
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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12
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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13
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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14
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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15
Q

-stasis, -static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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16
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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17
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

physi= nature, physical; -ology= study of

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18
Q

vertical plane

A

up-and-down plane

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19
Q

sagittal plane

A

plane that divides the body into unequal left and right positions

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20
Q

midsagittal plane

A

plane that divides the body into equal left and right positions

midline

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21
Q

frontal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

coronal plane, right angles to the sagittal plane

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22
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

waist or any other level

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23
Q

ventral

A

front or belly side of the organ or body

opposite of dorsal

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24
Q

dorsal

A

back of the organ or body

opposite of ventral

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25
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front or on the front/forward part of an organ

opposite of posterior

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26
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above or toward the head

opposite of inferior

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27
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

opposite of superior

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28
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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29
Q

caudal

A

lower part of the body, tail

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30
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

opposite of distal

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31
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

opposite of proximal

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32
Q

medial

A

toward or nearer the midline

opposite of lateral

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33
Q

lateral

A

toward or nearer the side of the body

opposite of medial

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34
Q

what does the dorsal cavity contain

A

the back of the body and head

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35
Q

cranial cavity

A

surrounds and protects the brain

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36
Q

spinal cavity

A

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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37
Q

what does the ventral cavity contain?

A

body organs that sustain homeostatis

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38
Q

thoracic cavity

chest cavity, thorax

A

surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

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39
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

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40
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal and pelvic as one unit

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41
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin

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42
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

regions below the ribs

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43
Q

chondr/i

A

cartilage

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44
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

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45
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

near the inward curve of the spine

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46
Q

lumb-

A

lower back

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47
Q

umbilical region

A

surrounds umbilicus (belly button)

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48
Q

right and left iliac regions

A

hear hip bones

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49
Q

ili-

A

hip bone

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50
Q

hypogastric region

A

below the stomach

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51
Q

quadrant

A

divided into four

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52
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abd. cavity

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53
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outler layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abd. wall

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54
Q

parietal

A

cavity wall

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55
Q

mesentery

A

fused double layer of the peritoneum that attaches pts. of the intestine > abd. wall

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56
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds organs of abd. cavity

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57
Q

visceral

A

relating to internal organs

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58
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind the peritoneum

ex: kidneys

59
Q

cytology

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

60
Q

cytologist

A

specialist in the sttudy and analysis of cells

61
Q

cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds + protects the contents of the cell from ext. env.

62
Q

cytoplasm

A

material within the cell membrane that is not pt. of the nucleus

63
Q

nucleus

A

controls activities of the cell and helps cell divide

64
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can renew themselves by cell division

65
Q

adult stem cells

somatic stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells within a tissue/organ. primary role to maintain+repair tissue they are found in

66
Q

hemopoietic

A

blood forming

67
Q

graft vs. host disease

A

poor match btwn donor and recipient

68
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

undifferentiated stem cells that can form ANY adult cell

69
Q

where do embryonic stem cells come from (2)?

A

cord blood or surplus embyros in vitro (test tube)

70
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

genetic

A

present @ birth, respiratory+digestive systems

71
Q

down syndrome

genetic

A

trisomy 21, sp. facial appearance, dev. delays, phys. ab.

72
Q

hemophilia

genetic

A

no blood clotting, spontaneous hemmorhages

73
Q

Huntington’s disease (HD)

genetic

A

50/50 change, nerve degeneration

74
Q

muscular dystrophy

genetic

A

progressive muslc degeneration

75
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

genetic

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase missing

76
Q

histology

A

study of structure, composition, fxns. of tissues

77
Q

4 types of tissues?

A

nerve, epithelial, muscular, connective

NEMC

78
Q

epithelium

A

forms epidermis and layer of mucuous membranes

79
Q

endothelium

A

lines blood, lymph vessels, body cav., glands, orgs.

80
Q

connective tissue

A

support+connect orgs. & body tiss.

81
Q

dense connective tissue

A

bone/cartilage

82
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

(fat); padding, insulation, support

83
Q

loose connective tissue

A

various orgs; nerve cells+blood vessels

84
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

blood+lymph; transports nutrients & waste prod.

85
Q

aplasia

A

defective dev./congenital ab. of organ or tissue

86
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete dev. of organ/tiss. bc of low # cells

87
Q

anaplasia

A

change in structure of cells/orientation

ana=backwards

88
Q

dysplasia

A

ab. dev. of cells/tissues/orgs.

89
Q

hyperplasia

A

enlargement of orgs./tiss. bc high # cells

different from hypertrophy

90
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase bulk of body pt/org. not bc of high # cells; no tumor form.

91
Q

gland

A

sp. epithelial cells that produce secretions

92
Q

exocrine gland

A

chem. > ducts»orgs/out of body

sweat glands

93
Q

endocrine glands

A

create hormones w/o ducts> dir. into bloddstream and orgs./struct.

94
Q

aden/o

A

gland

95
Q

adenoid

A

mass of lymphoid tissue @ posterior upper pharynx

resembles glandular tissue

96
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

97
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor originated in glandular tissue

98
Q

adenoma

A

benigh tumor that starts/resembles glandular tissue

99
Q

adenomalacia

A

ab. soft. of a gland

100
Q

adenosis

A

disease/condxn. of a gland

101
Q

adenosclerosis

A

ab. hard. of a gland

102
Q

adenectomy

A

surg. removal of a gland

103
Q

organ

A

independent pt. of the body that performs sp. fxn.

104
Q

pathology

A

study of all aspects of diseases

105
Q

pathologist

A

physician that specializes in lab. analysis of diseas. tiss. samp. to confirm/establish Dx

106
Q

etiology

A

study of causes of diseases

107
Q

pathogen

A

disease prod. microorg.

108
Q

transmission

A

spread of disease

109
Q

contamination

A

presence of a pathogen

110
Q

communicable disease

contagious

A

person>person, thru indirect/direct contact

measles

111
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

susceptible person inf. thru contact w/ contam. surface

112
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

spread of disease thru inf. bl./body fl. containing inf. blood

HIV, Hep B, STDs

113
Q

droplet transmission

A

large respiratory droplets thru cough/sneeze

measles, cold, flu

114
Q

airborne transmission

A

thru floating germs in the air

TB, measles, chicken pox

115
Q

food-borne and waterborne transmission

fecal-oral

A

by eat/drink contam. food not treated to remove pathogens

116
Q

vector borne transmission

A

bite of a vector (animal/flies/etc.)

mosquitoes> malaria and West Nile

117
Q

7 disease transmissions?

A

communicable, indirect contact, bloodborne, droplet, airborne, food-borne/waterborne, vector-borne

118
Q

epidemiologist

A

specialist in studying outbrek of diseases within pop.

119
Q

epidemic

A

SUDDEN widespread outbreak w/n pop.

sudden outbreak of measles

120
Q

endemic

A

ONGOING presence of disease w/n pop./group/area

common cold

121
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak over large geo. area or worldwide

covid-19 pandemic

122
Q

functional disorder

A

produces symptoms w/o identified phys./anat. cause

panic attack

123
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response from prescription of med

burns from radiation therapy

124
Q

idiopathic disorder

A

illness w/o known cause

fibromyalgia

125
Q

infectious

A

illness from pathogenic orgs.

hepatitis B

126
Q

nosocomial infection

A

disease acquired in hospital/clinical setting

MRSA

127
Q

organic disorder

A

symptoms detectable by changes in body

chicken pox

128
Q

congenital disorder

A

ab. condition present @ birth

129
Q

developmental disorder

birth defect

A

malformation/anomaly @ birth

130
Q

anomaly

A

deviation from norm

131
Q

atresia

A

congenital abs. of normal body opening/failure of tubular structure

132
Q

anal atresia

A

congenital abs. of opening of anus

133
Q

pulmonary atresia

A

congenital abs. of pulmonary valve

134
Q

prenatal influences

A

mother’s health, behavior, prenatal care

135
Q

what is rubella in infants caused by?

A

the mother has the infection

136
Q

what is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by?

A

mom has high consumption of alcohol

137
Q

traits of FAS?

A

phys., behavioral, growth abn.; brain damage difficulty socializing

138
Q

signs of lack of prenatal care

A

premature delivery, low birth weight

139
Q

what is a premature birth defined as?

A

earlier than 37 weeks of delivery> srs health problems (heart/breathe)

140
Q

birth injuries

A

congenital disorders not present b4 perinatal events

141
Q

cerebral palsy

birth injury

A

caused by brain damage; premature birth and low O2

142
Q

geriatrics

gerontology

A

study of med. problems and care of older ppl

143
Q

post-mortem

A

after death

144
Q

autopsy

A

examination done post-mortem

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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