Ch.5 Cardiology: Medications, Dx, Tx, Abbreviations Flashcards
4 examples of Dx procedures
MRI, CT, ultrasound, blood test
angiography
radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
what is produced from an angiography
angiogram
what is an angiogram used for
study bl. flow in arteries, veins, blood vessels of ❤️
cardiac catherization
Dx and Tx procedure which involves insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery»_space;> goes to heart ❤️
what is a cardiac cath for (2)
perform angiography; treating blocked arteries
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
angiography + computer assistance to clarify subject of interest in CV system by “subtracting” soft tissue and bones
duplex ultrasound
Dx procedure to image structure of BV and fl. of bl. thru BV
what is a duplex ultrasound a combination of
diagnostic ultrasound + doppler ultrasound
diagnostic ultrasound shows
structure of BV
doppler ultrasound shows
movement of RBC thru BV
venography + alt.
phlebography; radiographic test that provides image of sp. veins after 💉 of contrast dye
what is produced from a venography and give ex. of what it can be used for
venogram; detecting DVT
electrocardiography
noninvasive process of recording ⚡️activity of myocardium
what does a noninvasive procedure not require?
insertion of an instrument/device thru the skin/ body opening for Dx or Tx
electrocardiogram (abbr.?) (2)
EKG, ECG; record of electrical activity of myocardium
Holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by ambulatory pt. to monitor HR for 24/48 hr period
stress test is used to assess….
cardiovascular health and fxn. during and after stress
2 ways a stress test is performed
- monitoring w electrocardiograph while pt. exercises on treadmill
- inject chemical to increase HR
a stress test can also be performed with an …
echocardiogram
thallium stress test is performed to
evaulte how well bl. flows thru coronary arteries during exercise by injecting Tl
how is decrease in bl. flow shown by thallium stress test?
if Tl is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells
compliance is
accuracy+consistency with which the pt. follows the physician’s instructions
antihypertensive
med to lower BP and other heart condxns.
ace inhibitor stands for
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
what does an ace inhibitor do
blocks axn of enzyme that causes BV to contract>hypertension
for hypertension and HF
what happens when enzyme is blocked by ace inhibitor
BV dilate and BP is lowered
ARBs are
angiotensin II receptor blockers
beta-blockers do what
reduce heart workload by slowing HR
what are beta blockers for
to lower BP, relieve angina, Tx HF
calcium channel blocker agents cause
heart and BV to relax by decreasing movement of Ca into structures; increase bl. and O2
calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat
hypertension and control/relieve angina
diuretic does what
increases secretion of urine to rid body of excess Na and H2O
diuretics are administered to treat
hypertension and heart failure
antiarrhythmic
administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.
anticoagulant
slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.
coagulation is
process of clotting blood
do blood thinners actually thin the blood?
No
coumadin generic name?
warfarin
what is coumadin for
(anticoagulant) administered to prevent blood clots from
forming or growing larger.
heparin is an …. how is it different from coumadin and how is it adm.
anticoagulant; works faster; injection/IV soln.
who is coumadin Rx for?
pts. with clotting difficulties, heartbeat irregularities, post-MI or Heart valve replacement
aspirin dose + name and for what
baby aspirin 81 mg; reduce MI risk by reducing ability for blood to clot
digitalis does what (5) (+brand name)
digoxin; strengthens heart contractions, slows HR and eliminates fl. from tissues, Tx some arrhythmias and other heart condxns.
digoxin contains extracts from… + genus
foxglove plant (genus Digitalis)
cholesterol-lowering drugs
combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable choles- terol levels in the blood.
thrombolytic does what + alt.
clot-busting drug; dissolves or causes thrombus to break up
use of thrombolytic drugs is called…
thrombolytic therapy
tissue plasminogen activator (abbrev.) + what is it and what for
tPa; thrombolytic for pts. having MI or CVA; if quick can dissolve damaging bl. clots
vasoconstrictor
causes BV to narrow
2 ex. of vasoconstrictors
antihistamines, decongestants
vasodilator + ex.
causes BV to expand; nitroglycerin
nitroglycerin
vasodilator to relieve angina by dilating BV to heart; increases bl. fl. and O2 to heart
3 ways nitroglycerin can be administered
sublingually, transdermally (thru (skin), orally (spray)
pts. with MI may take nitroglycerin when..
waiting for assistance
what should pts. with heart issues or hypertension not eat
foods with high sodium
pts with high cholesterol should not eat …
food that come from animals; cholesterol high foods
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)+ alt. and def. + why?
heart-lung machine; device that maintains circulation of bl. and O2 during surgery; allows surgeons to operate w/o beating heart
angioplasty
mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed BV
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) + alt + def
balloon angioplasty; small balloon on catheter is used to open partially blocked coronary artery by flattening plaque deposit and stretching lumen
laser angioplasty
laser on end of catheter that uses beams of light to remove plaque deposit
a laser angioplasty can be used ….. or with…..
separately; PTCA
stent and what does it do
wire-mesh tube placed after artery has been opened to provide support
- prevent plaque from expanding
- and prevents restenosis
restenosis
condxn when artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
atherectomy
surg removal of plaque buildup from int. of an artery
what may be placed after an atherectomy and why
stent; prevents artery from being blocked again
carotid endarterectomy
surg removal of lining of pt. of clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
what is a carotid endarterectomy for
reduce risk of CVA caused by disruption of bl. flow to brain
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) def + alt
bypass surgery; requires piece of vein (GRAFT) from the leg/chest to be implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and improve bl. fl. to heart
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass def +alt (2)
keyhole bypass, buttonhole bypass; performed w aid of fiber-optic camera thru small openings btwn ribs
defibrillation def + alt
cardioversion; electrical shock to restore heart norm rhythm
what provides shock used in defibrillation
defibrillator
automated external defibrillator (AED) def+ who is it made for
for nonprofessionals in emergency situations; automatically samples electrical rhythms of the heart and externally shocks to restore normal rhythm (if needed)
artificial pacemaker is used as Tx for (3)
bradycardia; atrial fibrillation; other condxns.
how is an artificial pacemaker used on ppl (2)
attached externally or implanted under the skin w connections leading to the heart to reg. heartbeat
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) 2 actions?
- **constantly regulates heartbeat **to ensure that heart isnt beating too slowly
- if dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs, acts as an **automatic defibrillator **
cardiac ablation def (what does it do, 2)+ alt
catheter ablation; uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cyroblation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering ab. rhythm
ablation is
removal or destruction of tissue
valvuloplasty
surg repair of a heart valve
heart valve replacement (2) which valves are usually replaced (2)?
surg to replace 1 of 4 heart’s valves with a mechanical valve or one made from animal/human tissue
- aortic
- mitral
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
minimally invasive procedure in which collapsible replacement valve is delivered via catheter and after it expands inside defective it takes over fxn.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) def (2)
emergency procedure for life support consisting of artifical respiration and manual *external cardiac compression *
cardiopulmonary means
pertaining to the heart and lungs
compression-only resuscitation is effective for
keeping pt. w cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive
artificial respiration is recommended for (3)
- children
- drowning victims
- drug overdoses
aneurysmectomy
surg removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
surgical suturing of an aneurysm
aneurysm clipping
surg method to isolate aneurysm from rest of circulatory system
what is done during an aneurysm clipping?
titanium clip placed across aneurysm neck to keep it permanently in place + prevents bl. from flowing into aneurysm
arteriectomy
surg removal of an artery
hemostasis means
stop or control bleeding
-stasis
stopping or controlling
how is hemostasis accomplished
formation of bl. clot by body or ext. application of pressufre to block bl. flow
plasmapheresis def +alt
plasma exchange; removal of whole bl. from body and separating into cell. elements
RBC and platelets are suspended in ……. or ……. and then they are ……. +why?
saline; plasma subsitute; returned to circulatory system; makes more frequent donations possible
pts. w certain autoimmune disorders receive ……… and ……. back which are cleansed of ….
RBC; platelets; antibodies
A-fib
atrial fibrillation
AED
automated external defibrillator
ICD
implantable cardioverter–defibrillator
card cath, CC
cardiac catheterization
CVI
chronic venous insufficiency
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
EKG, ECG
electrocardiogram
HTN
hypertension
MI
myocardial infarction
PAD
peripheral artery disease
PVD
peripheral vascular disease
TST
thallium stress test
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
V-fib
ventricular fibrillation
