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Medical Terminology > Ch.5 Cardiology: Medications, Dx, Tx, Abbreviations > Flashcards

Ch.5 Cardiology: Medications, Dx, Tx, Abbreviations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

4 examples of Dx procedures

A

MRI, CT, ultrasound, blood test

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2
Q

angiography

A

radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

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3
Q

what is produced from an angiography

A

angiogram

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4
Q

what is an angiogram used for

A

study bl. flow in arteries, veins, blood vessels of ❤️

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5
Q

cardiac catherization

A

Dx and Tx procedure which involves insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery&raquo_space;> goes to heart ❤️

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6
Q

what is a cardiac cath for (2)

A

perform angiography; treating blocked arteries

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7
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

angiography + computer assistance to clarify subject of interest in CV system by “subtracting” soft tissue and bones

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8
Q

duplex ultrasound

A

Dx procedure to image structure of BV and fl. of bl. thru BV

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9
Q

what is a duplex ultrasound a combination of

A

diagnostic ultrasound + doppler ultrasound

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10
Q

diagnostic ultrasound shows

A

structure of BV

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11
Q

doppler ultrasound shows

A

movement of RBC thru BV

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12
Q

venography + alt.

A

phlebography; radiographic test that provides image of sp. veins after 💉 of contrast dye

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13
Q

what is produced from a venography and give ex. of what it can be used for

A

venogram; detecting DVT

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14
Q

electrocardiography

A

noninvasive process of recording ⚡️activity of myocardium

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15
Q

what does a noninvasive procedure not require?

A

insertion of an instrument/device thru the skin/ body opening for Dx or Tx

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16
Q

electrocardiogram (abbr.?) (2)

A

EKG, ECG; record of electrical activity of myocardium

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17
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by ambulatory pt. to monitor HR for 24/48 hr period

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18
Q

stress test is used to assess….

A

cardiovascular health and fxn. during and after stress

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19
Q

2 ways a stress test is performed

A
  1. monitoring w electrocardiograph while pt. exercises on treadmill
  2. inject chemical to increase HR
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20
Q

a stress test can also be performed with an …

A

echocardiogram

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21
Q

thallium stress test is performed to

A

evaulte how well bl. flows thru coronary arteries during exercise by injecting Tl

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22
Q

how is decrease in bl. flow shown by thallium stress test?

A

if Tl is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells

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23
Q

compliance is

A

accuracy+consistency with which the pt. follows the physician’s instructions

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24
Q

antihypertensive

A

med to lower BP and other heart condxns.

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25
Q

ace inhibitor stands for

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

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26
Q

what does an ace inhibitor do

A

blocks axn of enzyme that causes BV to contract>hypertension

for hypertension and HF

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27
Q

what happens when enzyme is blocked by ace inhibitor

A

BV dilate and BP is lowered

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28
Q

ARBs are

A

angiotensin II receptor blockers

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29
Q

beta-blockers do what

A

reduce heart workload by slowing HR

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30
Q

what are beta blockers for

A

to lower BP, relieve angina, Tx HF

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31
Q

calcium channel blocker agents cause

A

heart and BV to relax by decreasing movement of Ca into structures; increase bl. and O2

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32
Q

calcium channel blocking agents are used to treat

A

hypertension and control/relieve angina

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33
Q

diuretic does what

A

increases secretion of urine to rid body of excess Na and H2O

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34
Q

diuretics are administered to treat

A

hypertension and heart failure

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35
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.

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36
Q

anticoagulant

A

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.

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37
Q

coagulation is

A

process of clotting blood

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38
Q

do blood thinners actually thin the blood?

A

No

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39
Q

coumadin generic name?

A

warfarin

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40
Q

what is coumadin for

A

(anticoagulant) administered to prevent blood clots from
forming or growing larger.

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41
Q

heparin is an …. how is it different from coumadin and how is it adm.

A

anticoagulant; works faster; injection/IV soln.

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41
Q

who is coumadin Rx for?

A

pts. with clotting difficulties, heartbeat irregularities, post-MI or Heart valve replacement

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42
Q

aspirin dose + name and for what

A

baby aspirin 81 mg; reduce MI risk by reducing ability for blood to clot

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43
Q

digitalis does what (5) (+brand name)

A

digoxin; strengthens heart contractions, slows HR and eliminates fl. from tissues, Tx some arrhythmias and other heart condxns.

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44
Q

digoxin contains extracts from… + genus

A

foxglove plant (genus Digitalis)

45
Q

cholesterol-lowering drugs

A

combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable choles- terol levels in the blood.

46
Q

thrombolytic does what + alt.

A

clot-busting drug; dissolves or causes thrombus to break up

47
Q

use of thrombolytic drugs is called…

A

thrombolytic therapy

48
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (abbrev.) + what is it and what for

A

tPa; thrombolytic for pts. having MI or CVA; if quick can dissolve damaging bl. clots

49
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

causes BV to narrow

50
Q

2 ex. of vasoconstrictors

A

antihistamines, decongestants

51
Q

vasodilator + ex.

A

causes BV to expand; nitroglycerin

52
Q

nitroglycerin

A

vasodilator to relieve angina by dilating BV to heart; increases bl. fl. and O2 to heart

53
Q

3 ways nitroglycerin can be administered

A

sublingually, transdermally (thru (skin), orally (spray)

54
Q

pts. with MI may take nitroglycerin when..

A

waiting for assistance

55
Q

what should pts. with heart issues or hypertension not eat

A

foods with high sodium

56
Q

pts with high cholesterol should not eat …

A

food that come from animals; cholesterol high foods

57
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)+ alt. and def. + why?

A

heart-lung machine; device that maintains circulation of bl. and O2 during surgery; allows surgeons to operate w/o beating heart

58
Q

angioplasty

A

mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed BV

59
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) + alt + def

A

balloon angioplasty; small balloon on catheter is used to open partially blocked coronary artery by flattening plaque deposit and stretching lumen

60
Q

laser angioplasty

A

laser on end of catheter that uses beams of light to remove plaque deposit

61
Q

a laser angioplasty can be used ….. or with…..

A

separately; PTCA

62
Q

stent and what does it do

A

wire-mesh tube placed after artery has been opened to provide support

  1. prevent plaque from expanding
  2. and prevents restenosis
63
Q

restenosis

A

condxn when artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

64
Q

atherectomy

A

surg removal of plaque buildup from int. of an artery

65
Q

what may be placed after an atherectomy and why

A

stent; prevents artery from being blocked again

66
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surg removal of lining of pt. of clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

67
Q

what is a carotid endarterectomy for

A

reduce risk of CVA caused by disruption of bl. flow to brain

68
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) def + alt

A

bypass surgery; requires piece of vein (GRAFT) from the leg/chest to be implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and improve bl. fl. to heart

69
Q

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass def +alt (2)

A

keyhole bypass, buttonhole bypass; performed w aid of fiber-optic camera thru small openings btwn ribs

70
Q

defibrillation def + alt

A

cardioversion; electrical shock to restore heart norm rhythm

71
Q

what provides shock used in defibrillation

A

defibrillator

72
Q

automated external defibrillator (AED) def+ who is it made for

A

for nonprofessionals in emergency situations; automatically samples electrical rhythms of the heart and externally shocks to restore normal rhythm (if needed)

73
Q

artificial pacemaker is used as Tx for (3)

A

bradycardia; atrial fibrillation; other condxns.

74
Q

how is an artificial pacemaker used on ppl (2)

A

attached externally or implanted under the skin w connections leading to the heart to reg. heartbeat

75
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) 2 actions?

A
  1. **constantly regulates heartbeat **to ensure that heart isnt beating too slowly
  2. if dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs, acts as an **automatic defibrillator **
76
Q

cardiac ablation def (what does it do, 2)+ alt

A

catheter ablation; uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cyroblation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering ab. rhythm

77
Q

ablation is

A

removal or destruction of tissue

78
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surg repair of a heart valve

79
Q

heart valve replacement (2) which valves are usually replaced (2)?

A

surg to replace 1 of 4 heart’s valves with a mechanical valve or one made from animal/human tissue
- aortic
- mitral

80
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

minimally invasive procedure in which collapsible replacement valve is delivered via catheter and after it expands inside defective it takes over fxn.

81
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) def (2)

A

emergency procedure for life support consisting of artifical respiration and manual *external cardiac compression *

82
Q

cardiopulmonary means

A

pertaining to the heart and lungs

83
Q

compression-only resuscitation is effective for

A

keeping pt. w cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive

84
Q

artificial respiration is recommended for (3)

A
  • children
  • drowning victims
  • drug overdoses
85
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surg removal of an aneurysm

86
Q

aneurysmorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of an aneurysm

87
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

surg method to isolate aneurysm from rest of circulatory system

88
Q

what is done during an aneurysm clipping?

A

titanium clip placed across aneurysm neck to keep it permanently in place + prevents bl. from flowing into aneurysm

89
Q

arteriectomy

A

surg removal of an artery

90
Q

hemostasis means

A

stop or control bleeding

91
Q

-stasis

A

stopping or controlling

92
Q

how is hemostasis accomplished

A

formation of bl. clot by body or ext. application of pressufre to block bl. flow

93
Q

plasmapheresis def +alt

A

plasma exchange; removal of whole bl. from body and separating into cell. elements

94
Q

RBC and platelets are suspended in ……. or ……. and then they are ……. +why?

A

saline; plasma subsitute; returned to circulatory system; makes more frequent donations possible

95
Q

pts. w certain autoimmune disorders receive ……… and ……. back which are cleansed of ….

A

RBC; platelets; antibodies

96
Q

A-fib

A

atrial fibrillation

97
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

98
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter–defibrillator

99
Q

card cath, CC

A

cardiac catheterization

100
Q

CVI

A

chronic venous insufficiency

101
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

102
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

103
Q

EKG, ECG

A

electrocardiogram

104
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

105
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

106
Q

PAD

A

peripheral artery disease

107
Q

PVD

A

peripheral vascular disease

108
Q

TST

A

thallium stress test

109
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

110
Q

V-fib

A

ventricular fibrillation

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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