Ch.3 Pathology + Imaging Flashcards
ankylosis means
loss/absence of mobility in a joint due to disease/injury/surg. procedure
mobility means
being capable of movement
what is adhesive capsulitis? give alt. name
frozen shoulder 🥶 ; painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming
arthrosclerosis is
stiffness of joints usually in elderly 👴
what is a bakers cyst ? give alt. name
popliteal cyst; fluid filled sac behind the knee 🤢
what is bakers cyst caused by ?
RA triggering excess synovial fluid
who is bakers cyst named after ?
William Baker 👨🍳
bursitis is
inflammation of a bursa
chondromalacia is
ab. softening of cartilage
costochondritis is
inflammation of the cartilage that connects rib 2 sternum
hallux vagus is.. and give alt. name
bunion; ab. enlargement of joint at base of the toe 🦶
what does hallux and vagus mean in latin
big toe, bent
what is hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
what causes hemarthrosis (3)
1) joint injury 2) pts. taking blood thinners 3) hemophilia/clotting disorders
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints, characterized by pain/stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs
what does rheumatism mean
arthritis and other disorders causing pain in joints and surrounding tissue
how does a sprain happen
when a ligament that connects bones 🦴 is torn/wrenched
what is synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling/pain of affected joint
what can synovitis be caused by (4)
arthritis, trauma, infection, irritation by dam. cart.
what is a dislocation + give alt.
total displacement of bone from its joint LUXATION
what is subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
what does arthritis mean
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
how many types of arthritis are there
100
osteoarthritis is most commonly associated with..
aging
OA is a ______ joint disease because..
degenerative; wearing away of articular cartilage
what is OA characterized by ?
hypertrophy and formation of osteophytes
what are osteophytes
bone spurs
what is spondylosis +give alt.
spinal osteoarthritis; deg. disorder that causes loss of spinal structure and fxn.
what is gout +give alt.
gouty arthritis; type of arthritis that is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints (usually big toe lol) 😂
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is
chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints /other bod. organs are attacked
what happens as RA progressively attacks the synovial membranes?
causes joints to be swollen, painful, immobile
what is ankylosing spondylitis
form of RA that causes inflammation of joints btwn vertebrae
what does ankylosing mean
progressive stiffening of joint/joints
chronic inflammatory back disorders are called
spondylarthopathies
what is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
autoimmune disorder that affects 16 yrs and younger
symptoms of JRA? (7)
stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slow growth, fatigue
do kids with JRA outgrow it?
ya
what is a herniated disk + give alt.
slipped or ruptured disk; breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots 🦴
what is lumbago + give alt.
lower back pain; pain of the lumbar region of the spine
-ago meaning?
diseased condition
what is spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra/sacrum below it
-listhesis meaning ?
slippin
what is spina bifida
congenital defect during earl. pregnancy when spinal canal fails 2 close completely around spinal word
what does bifida mean
split
causes of spina bifida?
lack of folic acid
what is kyphosis + give alt. name
humpback, dowager’s hump; ab. increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
lordosis means + give. alt name
SwAyBaCk; ab. increase in forward curve. of lumb spine
scoliosis is
ab. lateral curvature of the spine
avascular necrosis is +give alt.
osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death 💀 due to insufficient blood 🩸 flow
where does avascular necrosis most frequently occur and wut do they need
hip joint; hip replacement
what is craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
what is osteitis + alt. spelling
ostitis; inflammation of a bone 🦴
what is osteomalacia + alt. name
adult rickets; ab. softening of bones in adults
what is osteomalacia caused by
low vit. D, Ca, or PO4
what is osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow + adj. bone
the _____ that causes osteomyelitis originates .. and ….
bacterial infection; another pt of the body; spreads to bone via blood 🩸
wat is paget’s Disease and who is it named after
ab. breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine, legs, and ab. bone formation; sir James Paget
what is periostitis and what is it associated w
inflammation of the periosteum; shin splints
what is Rickets
def. ideas in kids 🧒 by lack of vit. D for Ca and P levels for bones
is Rickets increasing?
ya
what is short stature + alt. name
dwarfism; failure of bones/limbs to grow to an app. length
____ conditions can cause short stature
200
the height for short stature (adults) is
no more than 4 ft 10 in.
what do adults w short stature prefer to be called lol
lil ppl
what is talipes + alt. name
clubfoot; congenital deformity involving the talus
what is primary bone cancer + give Ex and peak incidence
malignant tumor that origin. in bone 🦴; Ewing’s sarcoma begins in upper arms, legs, pelvis, ribs; 10-20 yrs old
what is secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
what is a myeloma
cancer that is in blood-making cells of red bone marrow
what is an osteochondroma + alt. name
benign bony projection covered w cartilage; exostosis pl. is exostoses
what is osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity ass. w aging
what is osteopenia
thinner than average bone density, high risk for osteoporosis
risk factors for osteopenia
aging, smoking, drinking, lack of ca, low cal. intake of females
alt. name for compression Fx, and how does it happen, effects?
vertebral crush Fx, spontaneous or injury; pain, loss of height, dev.of dowager’s hump
who is colles’ fx named after +alt. name
Abraham colles; fractured wrist
name osteoporosis related Fxs
compression, colles, osteoporotic hip fx
name curvatures of the spine
kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
what is a osteoporotic hip fx + alt. name
broken hip; weakening of bones cuz of osteoporosis spontanous/injury
complications of osteoporotic hip fx? (4)
loss of fxn, mobility, indepdence, death 💀
what does osteoporotic mean
pertaining to/caused by porous conditions of the bones 🦴
alt. name for Fx?
broken bone
what is a closed Fx + alt. name
simple fx/complete fx; bone is broken but no open wound in skin
what is an open fracture + alt name
compound fx; bone broken and open wound in skin
comminuted fx is
bone is splintered/crushed into small pieces (what comminuted means)
what is a greenstick fx + alt name and in whom is it most common
incomplete fx; bone is bent and partially broken; kids 🧒
what is an oblique fx
angle across bone 🦴
what is a pathologic fx and why
weakened bone breaks under norm strain bc of osteoporosis or cancer
what is a spiral fx + common cause
bone twisted apart; sports injury
what is a stress fx, common cause?
overuse injury and small crack in bone; chronic excessive impact
what is a transverse fx
straight across bone 🦴
what is a fat embolus
long bone Fx and fat cells from yellow BM > bl.
what is an embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can be lodged and block bl. vessel
what is crepitation +alt. name
crepitus; grating sounds when ends of broken bone move 2gether
what is a callus (2 defs.)
bulging deposit around area of break; thickening of skin caused by repeated rubbing
what is a radiograph + alt
x-ray; x-radtion to visualize bone fx and ab.
what is an arthroscopy and what does it use
visual examination of internal structure of a joint; arthroscope
what is a bone marrow Bx
diagnostic test necessary after ab. types or # of RBC/WBC are found in CBC
what is a bone marrow aspiration and 4 what
syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow; for Dx purposes or 2 collect for stem cell transplant.
what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is it good 4 bones?
technique for soft tissue structures; not
name 2 other diagnostic procedures?
bone scans, arthrocentesis
name 7 diagnostic procedures used
x-ray, arthroscopy, bone marrow bx, bone marrow aspiration, MRI, bone scans, arthrocentesis
what is ultrasonic bone density testing
sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone for osteoporosis
what is dual-x-ray absorptiometry for, is it accurate
low exposure radiographic measurement of spine/hips to measure bone 🦴density; ya
what is a bone marrow transplant (BMT)
bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipient’s bl
what happens in a BMT
healthy BM go to spongy bone to form cancer free red bone marrow
what is an allogenic bone marrow transplant + is there a risk?
healthy BM cells from compatible donor; ya unless perfect
what is an autologous bone marrow transplant
pt. receives own BM cells after harvested, cleansed, treated, stored
what does autologous mean
originating within indv.
what is an orthotic + 3 ex
mech. device to control/correct/compensate for impaired limb fxn; shoe insert, leg brace, splint
what is a prosthesis
substitute for diseased/missing body pt.
what is arthrodesis + alt. name and why
surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen joint; tx of severe arthritis/damaged joint
what is arthrolysis
surgical loosing of an ankylosed joint
second meaning of -lysis?
breaking down/destruction and pathologic change/therapeutic procedure
what is arthroscopic surgery
minimally invasive procedure for tx of interior of joint
what is a chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
what is a synovectomy +give ex of use
surg. removal of synovial membrane. from joint; repair joint damage by RA
what is an arthroplasty
surg. repair of a damaged joint
what is an implant
joint replacement that is a prosthesis
what is a TKR; alt name
all pts. of knees replaced; total knee arthroplasty
what is a PKR
pt. of knee replaced 🦵
what is a THR + alt. name
total hip arthroplasty; plastic lining in acetabulum to restore smooth surface and head of femur removed and replaced w metal ball
what is hip resurfacing
alt. to removing head of femur by placing metal cap over head of femur 4 smooth movement
what is revision surgery
replacement of worn/failed implant
what is a percutaneous diskectomy and what is it 4
thin tube through back skin to suction out ruptured disk/vaporize w laser ⚡️; herniated intervertebral disk
percutaneous means
performed thru the skin
what is a percutaneous vertebroplasty and what for
osteoporosis-related compression Fx; minimally invasive procedure and bone cement injected 💉 to stabilize compression fx
what is a laminectomy
surg. removal of a lamina/post. portion of vertebra
what is a spinal fusion
technique to immobilize pt of spine by joining together (fusing) 2 or more vertebrae
what is a craniectomy and why
surg removal of pt of skull ; relive intracranial pressure
what is intracranial pressure
amt of pressure in skull 💀
what is a craniotomy and why
surg incision into the skull; access 2 brain for surg. procedures
what is a cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull 💀
what is osteoclasis
surgical fx of a bone to correct a deformity
what is an osteoectomy
surg. removal of a bone 🦴
what is an osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing of bones 🦴
what is an osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone to remove pt. of bone
what is a periosteotomy
surg. incision through periosteum> bone
what is a closed reduction+ alt.
manipulation; realignment of bone in fx/dislocation by pushing back to anatomical alignment by force 🗿
what is an open reduction and why
if closed reduction doesn’t work ; surg procedure to realign
what is immobalization + alt. name
holding/suturing or fastening of bone 🦴in fixed pos. w strapping or cast
what is traction
pulling fore on limb in distal direction to put back in norm. alignment
ext. fixation is
tx procedure in which pins through soft tissue to hold pieces bone 2gether
wha tis internal fixation + alt
open red. internal fixation (ORIF) Fx Tx plate and pins directly into bones to keep in place
