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Medical Terminology > Ch.3 Pathology + Imaging > Flashcards

Ch.3 Pathology + Imaging Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankylosis means

A

loss/absence of mobility in a joint due to disease/injury/surg. procedure

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2
Q

mobility means

A

being capable of movement

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3
Q

what is adhesive capsulitis? give alt. name

A

frozen shoulder 🥶 ; painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming

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4
Q

arthrosclerosis is

A

stiffness of joints usually in elderly 👴

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5
Q

what is a bakers cyst ? give alt. name

A

popliteal cyst; fluid filled sac behind the knee 🤢

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6
Q

what is bakers cyst caused by ?

A

RA triggering excess synovial fluid

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7
Q

who is bakers cyst named after ?

A

William Baker 👨‍🍳

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8
Q

bursitis is

A

inflammation of a bursa

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9
Q

chondromalacia is

A

ab. softening of cartilage

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10
Q

costochondritis is

A

inflammation of the cartilage that connects rib 2 sternum

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11
Q

hallux vagus is.. and give alt. name

A

bunion; ab. enlargement of joint at base of the toe 🦶

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12
Q

what does hallux and vagus mean in latin

A

big toe, bent

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13
Q

what is hemarthrosis

A

blood within a joint

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14
Q

what causes hemarthrosis (3)

A

1) joint injury 2) pts. taking blood thinners 3) hemophilia/clotting disorders

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15
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is

A

inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints, characterized by pain/stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs

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16
Q

what does rheumatism mean

A

arthritis and other disorders causing pain in joints and surrounding tissue

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17
Q

how does a sprain happen

A

when a ligament that connects bones 🦴 is torn/wrenched

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18
Q

what is synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling/pain of affected joint

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19
Q

what can synovitis be caused by (4)

A

arthritis, trauma, infection, irritation by dam. cart.

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20
Q

what is a dislocation + give alt.

A

total displacement of bone from its joint LUXATION

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21
Q

what is subluxation

A

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

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22
Q

what does arthritis mean

A

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

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23
Q

how many types of arthritis are there

A

100

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24
Q

osteoarthritis is most commonly associated with..

A

aging

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25
Q

OA is a ______ joint disease because..

A

degenerative; wearing away of articular cartilage

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26
Q

what is OA characterized by ?

A

hypertrophy and formation of osteophytes

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27
Q

what are osteophytes

A

bone spurs

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28
Q

what is spondylosis +give alt.

A

spinal osteoarthritis; deg. disorder that causes loss of spinal structure and fxn.

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29
Q

what is gout +give alt.

A

gouty arthritis; type of arthritis that is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints (usually big toe lol) 😂

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30
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is

A

chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints /other bod. organs are attacked

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31
Q

what happens as RA progressively attacks the synovial membranes?

A

causes joints to be swollen, painful, immobile

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32
Q

what is ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of RA that causes inflammation of joints btwn vertebrae

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33
Q

what does ankylosing mean

A

progressive stiffening of joint/joints

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34
Q

chronic inflammatory back disorders are called

A

spondylarthopathies

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35
Q

what is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

A

autoimmune disorder that affects 16 yrs and younger

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36
Q

symptoms of JRA? (7)

A

stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slow growth, fatigue

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37
Q

do kids with JRA outgrow it?

A

ya

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38
Q

what is a herniated disk + give alt.

A

slipped or ruptured disk; breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots 🦴

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39
Q

what is lumbago + give alt.

A

lower back pain; pain of the lumbar region of the spine

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40
Q

-ago meaning?

A

diseased condition

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41
Q

what is spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping movement of body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra/sacrum below it

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42
Q

-listhesis meaning ?

A

slippin

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43
Q

what is spina bifida

A

congenital defect during earl. pregnancy when spinal canal fails 2 close completely around spinal word

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44
Q

what does bifida mean

A

split

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45
Q

causes of spina bifida?

A

lack of folic acid

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46
Q

what is kyphosis + give alt. name

A

humpback, dowager’s hump; ab. increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

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47
Q

lordosis means + give. alt name

A

SwAyBaCk; ab. increase in forward curve. of lumb spine

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48
Q

scoliosis is

A

ab. lateral curvature of the spine

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49
Q

avascular necrosis is +give alt.

A

osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death 💀 due to insufficient blood 🩸 flow

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50
Q

where does avascular necrosis most frequently occur and wut do they need

A

hip joint; hip replacement

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51
Q

what is craniostenosis

A

malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures

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52
Q

what is osteitis + alt. spelling

A

ostitis; inflammation of a bone 🦴

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53
Q

what is osteomalacia + alt. name

A

adult rickets; ab. softening of bones in adults

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54
Q

what is osteomalacia caused by

A

low vit. D, Ca, or PO4

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55
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone marrow + adj. bone

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56
Q

the _____ that causes osteomyelitis originates .. and ….

A

bacterial infection; another pt of the body; spreads to bone via blood 🩸

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57
Q

wat is paget’s Disease and who is it named after

A

ab. breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine, legs, and ab. bone formation; sir James Paget

58
Q

what is periostitis and what is it associated w

A

inflammation of the periosteum; shin splints

59
Q

what is Rickets

A

def. ideas in kids 🧒 by lack of vit. D for Ca and P levels for bones

60
Q

is Rickets increasing?

A

ya

61
Q

what is short stature + alt. name

A

dwarfism; failure of bones/limbs to grow to an app. length

62
Q

____ conditions can cause short stature

A

200

63
Q

the height for short stature (adults) is

A

no more than 4 ft 10 in.

64
Q

what do adults w short stature prefer to be called lol

A

lil ppl

65
Q

what is talipes + alt. name

A

clubfoot; congenital deformity involving the talus

66
Q

what is primary bone cancer + give Ex and peak incidence

A

malignant tumor that origin. in bone 🦴; Ewing’s sarcoma begins in upper arms, legs, pelvis, ribs; 10-20 yrs old

67
Q

what is secondary bone cancer

A

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs

68
Q

what is a myeloma

A

cancer that is in blood-making cells of red bone marrow

69
Q

what is an osteochondroma + alt. name

A

benign bony projection covered w cartilage; exostosis pl. is exostoses

70
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity ass. w aging

71
Q

what is osteopenia

A

thinner than average bone density, high risk for osteoporosis

72
Q

risk factors for osteopenia

A

aging, smoking, drinking, lack of ca, low cal. intake of females

73
Q

alt. name for compression Fx, and how does it happen, effects?

A

vertebral crush Fx, spontaneous or injury; pain, loss of height, dev.of dowager’s hump

74
Q

who is colles’ fx named after +alt. name

A

Abraham colles; fractured wrist

75
Q

name osteoporosis related Fxs

A

compression, colles, osteoporotic hip fx

76
Q

name curvatures of the spine

A

kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

77
Q

what is a osteoporotic hip fx + alt. name

A

broken hip; weakening of bones cuz of osteoporosis spontanous/injury

78
Q

complications of osteoporotic hip fx? (4)

A

loss of fxn, mobility, indepdence, death 💀

79
Q

what does osteoporotic mean

A

pertaining to/caused by porous conditions of the bones 🦴

80
Q

alt. name for Fx?

A

broken bone

81
Q

what is a closed Fx + alt. name

A

simple fx/complete fx; bone is broken but no open wound in skin

82
Q

what is an open fracture + alt name

A

compound fx; bone broken and open wound in skin

83
Q

comminuted fx is

A

bone is splintered/crushed into small pieces (what comminuted means)

84
Q

what is a greenstick fx + alt name and in whom is it most common

A

incomplete fx; bone is bent and partially broken; kids 🧒

85
Q

what is an oblique fx

A

angle across bone 🦴

86
Q

what is a pathologic fx and why

A

weakened bone breaks under norm strain bc of osteoporosis or cancer

87
Q

what is a spiral fx + common cause

A

bone twisted apart; sports injury

88
Q

what is a stress fx, common cause?

A

overuse injury and small crack in bone; chronic excessive impact

89
Q

what is a transverse fx

A

straight across bone 🦴

90
Q

what is a fat embolus

A

long bone Fx and fat cells from yellow BM > bl.

91
Q

what is an embolus

A

any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can be lodged and block bl. vessel

92
Q

what is crepitation +alt. name

A

crepitus; grating sounds when ends of broken bone move 2gether

93
Q

what is a callus (2 defs.)

A

bulging deposit around area of break; thickening of skin caused by repeated rubbing

94
Q

what is a radiograph + alt

A

x-ray; x-radtion to visualize bone fx and ab.

95
Q

what is an arthroscopy and what does it use

A

visual examination of internal structure of a joint; arthroscope

96
Q

what is a bone marrow Bx

A

diagnostic test necessary after ab. types or # of RBC/WBC are found in CBC

97
Q

what is a bone marrow aspiration and 4 what

A

syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow; for Dx purposes or 2 collect for stem cell transplant.

98
Q

what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is it good 4 bones?

A

technique for soft tissue structures; not

99
Q

name 2 other diagnostic procedures?

A

bone scans, arthrocentesis

100
Q

name 7 diagnostic procedures used

A

x-ray, arthroscopy, bone marrow bx, bone marrow aspiration, MRI, bone scans, arthrocentesis

101
Q

what is ultrasonic bone density testing

A

sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone for osteoporosis

102
Q

what is dual-x-ray absorptiometry for, is it accurate

A

low exposure radiographic measurement of spine/hips to measure bone 🦴density; ya

103
Q

what is a bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipient’s bl

104
Q

what happens in a BMT

A

healthy BM go to spongy bone to form cancer free red bone marrow

105
Q

what is an allogenic bone marrow transplant + is there a risk?

A

healthy BM cells from compatible donor; ya unless perfect

106
Q

what is an autologous bone marrow transplant

A

pt. receives own BM cells after harvested, cleansed, treated, stored

107
Q

what does autologous mean

A

originating within indv.

108
Q

what is an orthotic + 3 ex

A

mech. device to control/correct/compensate for impaired limb fxn; shoe insert, leg brace, splint

109
Q

what is a prosthesis

A

substitute for diseased/missing body pt.

110
Q

what is arthrodesis + alt. name and why

A

surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen joint; tx of severe arthritis/damaged joint

111
Q

what is arthrolysis

A

surgical loosing of an ankylosed joint

112
Q

second meaning of -lysis?

A

breaking down/destruction and pathologic change/therapeutic procedure

113
Q

what is arthroscopic surgery

A

minimally invasive procedure for tx of interior of joint

114
Q

what is a chondroplasty

A

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

115
Q

what is a synovectomy +give ex of use

A

surg. removal of synovial membrane. from joint; repair joint damage by RA

116
Q

what is an arthroplasty

A

surg. repair of a damaged joint

117
Q

what is an implant

A

joint replacement that is a prosthesis

118
Q

what is a TKR; alt name

A

all pts. of knees replaced; total knee arthroplasty

119
Q

what is a PKR

A

pt. of knee replaced 🦵

120
Q

what is a THR + alt. name

A

total hip arthroplasty; plastic lining in acetabulum to restore smooth surface and head of femur removed and replaced w metal ball

121
Q

what is hip resurfacing

A

alt. to removing head of femur by placing metal cap over head of femur 4 smooth movement

122
Q

what is revision surgery

A

replacement of worn/failed implant

123
Q

what is a percutaneous diskectomy and what is it 4

A

thin tube through back skin to suction out ruptured disk/vaporize w laser ⚡️; herniated intervertebral disk

124
Q

percutaneous means

A

performed thru the skin

125
Q

what is a percutaneous vertebroplasty and what for

A

osteoporosis-related compression Fx; minimally invasive procedure and bone cement injected 💉 to stabilize compression fx

126
Q

what is a laminectomy

A

surg. removal of a lamina/post. portion of vertebra

127
Q

what is a spinal fusion

A

technique to immobilize pt of spine by joining together (fusing) 2 or more vertebrae

128
Q

what is a craniectomy and why

A

surg removal of pt of skull ; relive intracranial pressure

129
Q

what is intracranial pressure

A

amt of pressure in skull 💀

130
Q

what is a craniotomy and why

A

surg incision into the skull; access 2 brain for surg. procedures

131
Q

what is a cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of the skull 💀

132
Q

what is osteoclasis

A

surgical fx of a bone to correct a deformity

133
Q

what is an osteoectomy

A

surg. removal of a bone 🦴

134
Q

what is an osteorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of bones 🦴

135
Q

what is an osteotomy

A

surgical cutting of a bone to remove pt. of bone

136
Q

what is a periosteotomy

A

surg. incision through periosteum> bone

137
Q

what is a closed reduction+ alt.

A

manipulation; realignment of bone in fx/dislocation by pushing back to anatomical alignment by force 🗿

138
Q

what is an open reduction and why

A

if closed reduction doesn’t work ; surg procedure to realign

139
Q

what is immobalization + alt. name

A

holding/suturing or fastening of bone 🦴in fixed pos. w strapping or cast

140
Q

what is traction

A

pulling fore on limb in distal direction to put back in norm. alignment

141
Q

ext. fixation is

A

tx procedure in which pins through soft tissue to hold pieces bone 2gether

142
Q

wha tis internal fixation + alt

A

open red. internal fixation (ORIF) Fx Tx plate and pins directly into bones to keep in place

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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