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AP Psych > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

The precession of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory info

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3
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations

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4
Q

Prosopgnosia

A

Complete sensation but incomplete perception (failure of perception)

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

A study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience with them

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6
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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7
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s absolute threshold of conscious awareness

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8
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory or response

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9
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (Just Noticeable Difference)

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % (rather then a constant amount) to be perceived as different

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11
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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12
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of one form of energy to another (stimulus energies)

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

The difference of one wave peak to the next

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14
Q

Hue

A

The color we experience

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15
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in the waves determined by a wave’s amplitude or height

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening to the eye

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17
Q

Iris

A

Muscle that controls pupil

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18
Q

Lens

A

Curved and flexible in order to focus the light (flips images upside down while your brain flips it back)

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19
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layer of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

20
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

21
Q

Acuity

A

The sharpness of vision

22
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Nearby objects are seen more clearly

23
Q

Farsightedness

A

Far objects are seen more clearly

24
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

26
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

27
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

28
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

29
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

30
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Nerve Cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

31
Q

Parallel Processing

A

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of info processing for many functions, including vision

32
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one of the most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

33
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

34
Q

Color Constancy

A

Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations

35
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

36
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

37
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s experienced highness or low (depends on frequency)

38
Q

Middle Ear

A

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea (contains hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

39
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner-ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

40
Q

Inner Ear

A

Contains the cochlea, semicircular canal and vestibular sacs

41
Q

Place Theory

A

Suggests that sound frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane at specific places resulting in perceived pitch

42
Q

Frequency Theory

A

That the rate of nerve impulses, traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

43
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

44
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

45
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers or by info coming from the brain

46
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

47
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

48
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

AP Psych (13 decks)

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