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Psychology 150 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

the sense organs’ detection of external physical stimulus and the transmission of information about this stimulus to the brain

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain; these processes result in an internal neural representation of the physical stimulus; perception is subjective

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3
Q

what is tranduction?

A

a process by which sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that are eventually sent to the brain

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4
Q

what is a neural message?

A

brain doesn’t have direct communication with our senses and the world; brain senses the world indirectly

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5
Q

what is the process of sensation and perception?

A

stimulus > sensation > transduction > perception

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6
Q

what is sensory adaption?

A

our senses are on the lookout for change; sensation is influenced by change; diminishes our responsiveness of our sensory systems to prolong stimulation

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7
Q

what do our sense organs specialize in?

A

gathering information about new/changing events

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8
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

perceived as different, the stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than consistent amount)

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9
Q

What is Fechner’s Law?

A

the size of JND (just-noticeable difference or difference threshold) is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus; the JND is large when the intensity of the stimulus is high

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10
Q

what is Steven’s Power Law?

A

a law of magnitude that is more accurate than Fechner’s law and covers a wider variety of stimuli

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11
Q

what is the signal detection theory?

A

sensation depends on the characeteristics of the stimulus, background stimulus and detector

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12
Q

what is the absolute threshold?

A

the smallest amount of physical stimulation required to detect a sensory input of the time it is present; the second you hear or feel something it cross the AT

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13
Q

what is the difference threshold?

A

the minimum difference in physical stimulation required to detect a difference between sensory inputs (also known as JND)

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14
Q

what is taste?

A

sense of taste is gustation

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15
Q

what are the 4 qualities of human taste?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty

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16
Q

how can taste be damaged?

A

by alcohol, smoking, acids, and hot foods

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17
Q

how do miracle berries affect taste?

A

they coat the sour receptors to make things sweet

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18
Q

how does light work?

A

the eye converts characteristics of light into the neural signals that the brain can process; this tranduction happens in the retina

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19
Q

what is the optic nerve?

A

nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the occipital lobes

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20
Q

what is the blind spot?

A

point where optic nerve exits the eye and where there are not photoreceptors (no rods or cones)

21
Q

what are taste buds?

A

structures located in papillae on the tongue, that contain the sensory receptors

22
Q

what are papillae?

A

structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds

23
Q

what are supertasters?

A

people who are highly aware of flavors and textures and are more likely that others to feel pain when eating spicy foods

24
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

light-sensitive cells (neurons) in retina that convert light energy into neural energy

25
Q

what are rods?

A

are sensitive to dim light; detects back, white, and gray

26
Q

what are cones?

A

are sensitive to colors but not dim light; sees sharp detail in lightened situations

27
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is diverted elsewhere

28
Q

what is change blindness?

A

failing to notice change in the environment around us

29
Q

what is color blindness?

A

failing to notice a change in a previously selected item (can’t see color)

30
Q

what is hearing?

A

the vibrational energy of vibrating objects

31
Q

A higher-pitched sound is one that is higher in ________, which is measured in ________.

A

frequency; hertz

32
Q

Being able to detect the origin of a sound is called

A

localization

33
Q

what is when a near object blocks an object that is farther away.

A

occlusion

34
Q

a robot that has sensation but not perception. The robot should

A

detect external physical energy but not interpret it.

35
Q

see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?

A

closure

36
Q

onsider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as

A

proximity

37
Q

the auditory neurons extending from the ________ reach out with their axons to the primary auditory cortex in the ________.

A

thalamus; temporal lobe

38
Q

what do soundwaves cause to vibrate?

A

the eardrum

39
Q

what are the he origin of the colors we can see (primary and secondary colors)?

A

hues

40
Q

what is he figure and ground theory?

A

an object is a figure that is distinct from the background

41
Q

what is the proximity theory?

A

close figures are grouped as an object; 16 dots as three groups of objects

42
Q

what is the similarity theory?

A

similar figures are grouped in an object; rectangle as having two locked pieces

43
Q

what is the continuity theory?

A

intersectin lines are interpreted as continuous; we see a rectangle as full behind a cricle

44
Q

what is the closure theory?

A

figures with gaps are interpreted as complete

45
Q

what is the illusory contours theory?

A

contours are perceived even when they do not exist

46
Q

what is bottom up processing?

A

Processing based on information about the basic stimulus properties

47
Q

what is top down processing?

A

Processing based on information in your brain, at the top of your body

48
Q

what is binocular disparity?

A

use both eyes to perceive depth through binocular disparity, where each retina has a slightly different view of the world

49
Q

what is monocular depth perception?

A

Flat images have no depth, yet you perceive depth in them; can be done with just one eye; Leo da Vinci created it

Psychology 150 (12 decks)

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