Chapter 12 Flashcards
What three things lead to prejudice?
Cognitive (logical thought), affective (emotion), Behavior (discrimination)
what is discrimination?
the behavior of going against people
What did the Milgrim experiment test for?
The idea of obedience to authority; doing things just because an authority figure tells you to
What is the attribution theory and who created it?
Fritz Heider in 1958; theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting internal characteristics or environment factors
what are personal attributes
explanations for outcomes that come from inside you, like traits, moods, abilites. Ex. if you fall, then you’re clumsy
What are situational attributes?
explanations for outcomes that come from the outside, like weather, luck, or other people. Ex. if you fall, it’s because the floor was slippery
what is the fundamental attribution error?
tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate personal factors
What is cognitive bias?
systemic error in thinking that affects decisions and judgements people make
What is a self-serving bias?
tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen to give ourselves credit when something good happens
What is the social influence?
the ways people are affected by the real or imagined pressure of others; vary in their of pressure
What is a group?
set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, identity
What is an in group?
social group where a person psychologically identifies as being a member
what is an out group?
a social group which an individual does not apply
what is cognitive dissonance?
psychological conflict and the perception of contradictory information
What is the normative influence?
also known as social norms; influence that produces conformity when a person fears negative social consequences of appearing deviant
What is conformity?
act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms; most common form of social influence
What did Solomon Asch do in 1951?
he conducted an experiment that studied how people’s beliefs affect the beliefs of others.
What is group think?
group decision-making style characterized by the excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
what is deindividuation?
loss of a person’s individuality and reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior; individuals will not be held responsible for their actions if they did it in a group
what is social facilitation
presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
what is social loafing?
tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
what is the bystander effect/apathy?
the greater number of people present, the less likely people will help
what is the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change?
people more likely to carefully process persuasive messages
what is the foot in the door phenomenon?
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
What is lowballing?
selling something small when you haven’t agreed yet
what is the door in the face technique?
asking for a large commitment and being refused and the asking for a smaller commitment and getting agreement
What is the just-world hypothesis?
cognitive bias that assumes people will get what they deserve
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
a person’s expectations about another person result in the person acting in a way the confirms the expectation
what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
psychological explanation of aggressive behavior as a result of frustration of goals
Which researcher identified four interpersonal styles that lead to difficulties and, often, breakups between couples who are romantically involved?
John Gottman
what is actor-observer bias?
tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes
what is modern racism?
Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs
what is the mere exposure effect?
The increase in liking due to repeated exposure
what is explicit attitude?
an attitude that a person is consciously aware of can report
what is implicit attitude?
an attitude that influences a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
what is a central route
method of persuasion where people pay attention to arguments and all information in the message; uses high elaboration
what is a peripheral route?
method of persuasion where people minimally process the message; uses low elaboration
what is prosocial
acting in ways that tend to benefit others
what is altruism?
the act of providing help when it is needed, with no apparent reward
