Chapter 12

Question 1

What three things lead to prejudice?

Answer 1

Cognitive (logical thought), affective (emotion), Behavior (discrimination)

Question 2

what is discrimination?

Answer 2

the behavior of going against people

Question 3

What did the Milgrim experiment test for?

Answer 3

The idea of obedience to authority; doing things just because an authority figure tells you to

Question 4

What is the attribution theory and who created it?

Answer 4

Fritz Heider in 1958; theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting internal characteristics or environment factors

Question 5

what are personal attributes

Answer 5

explanations for outcomes that come from inside you, like traits, moods, abilites. Ex. if you fall, then you’re clumsy

Question 6

What are situational attributes?

Answer 6

explanations for outcomes that come from the outside, like weather, luck, or other people. Ex. if you fall, it’s because the floor was slippery

Question 7

what is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 7

tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate personal factors

Question 8

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 8

systemic error in thinking that affects decisions and judgements people make

Question 9

What is a self-serving bias?

Answer 9

tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen to give ourselves credit when something good happens

Question 10

What is the social influence?

Answer 10

the ways people are affected by the real or imagined pressure of others; vary in their of pressure

Question 11

What is a group?

Answer 11

set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, identity

Question 12

What is an in group?

Answer 12

social group where a person psychologically identifies as being a member

Question 13

what is an out group?

Answer 13

a social group which an individual does not apply

Question 14

what is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 14

psychological conflict and the perception of contradictory information

Question 15

What is the normative influence?

Answer 15

also known as social norms; influence that produces conformity when a person fears negative social consequences of appearing deviant

Question 16

What is conformity?

Answer 16

act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms; most common form of social influence

Question 17

What did Solomon Asch do in 1951?

Answer 17

he conducted an experiment that studied how people’s beliefs affect the beliefs of others.

Question 18

What is group think?

Answer 18

group decision-making style characterized by the excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence

Question 19

what is deindividuation?

Answer 19

loss of a person’s individuality and reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior; individuals will not be held responsible for their actions if they did it in a group

Question 20

what is social facilitation

Answer 20

presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks

Question 21

what is social loafing?

Answer 21

tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group

Question 22

what is the bystander effect/apathy?

Answer 22

the greater number of people present, the less likely people will help

Question 23

what is the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change?

Answer 23

people more likely to carefully process persuasive messages

Question 24

what is the foot in the door phenomenon?

Answer 24

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 25

What is lowballing?

Answer 25

selling something small when you haven’t agreed yet

Question 26

what is the door in the face technique?

Answer 26

asking for a large commitment and being refused and the asking for a smaller commitment and getting agreement

Question 27

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Answer 27

cognitive bias that assumes people will get what they deserve

Question 28

what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 28

a person’s expectations about another person result in the person acting in a way the confirms the expectation

Question 29

what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 29

psychological explanation of aggressive behavior as a result of frustration of goals

Question 30

Which researcher identified four interpersonal styles that lead to difficulties and, often, breakups between couples who are romantically involved?

Answer 30

John Gottman

Question 31

what is actor-observer bias?

Answer 31

tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

Question 32

what is modern racism?

Answer 32

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs

Question 33

what is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 33

The increase in liking due to repeated exposure

Question 34

what is explicit attitude?

Answer 34

an attitude that a person is consciously aware of can report

Question 35

what is implicit attitude?

Answer 35

an attitude that influences a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

Question 36

what is a central route

Answer 36

method of persuasion where people pay attention to arguments and all information in the message; uses high elaboration

Question 37

what is a peripheral route?

Answer 37

method of persuasion where people minimally process the message; uses low elaboration

Question 38

what is prosocial

Answer 38

acting in ways that tend to benefit others

Question 39

what is altruism?

Answer 39

the act of providing help when it is needed, with no apparent reward