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Psychology 150 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

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2
Q

Step one in critical thinking

A

What is the claim I am being asked to believe?

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3
Q

Step two in critical thinking

A

What evidence is provided to support the claim?

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4
Q

step three in critical thinking

A

given the evidence, what are the most reasonable conclusions about the claim?

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5
Q

Who came up with the nature/nurture idea?

A

Aristotle and Plato

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6
Q

What is dualism and who came up with it?

A

It is where the mind and body are separated but connected parts of a person. Descartes

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7
Q

Who created the first psychology lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 Germany.

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8
Q

What is reaction time?

A

time it takes to complete a psychological task

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9
Q

what is the introspection method?

A

when people reported their thoughts about personal experiences of objects

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10
Q

What is structuralism and who created it?

A

Edward Titchener used introspection to investigate basic parts of the conscious mind

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11
Q

what is Functionalism and who created it?

A

William James argued that the mind was more complex

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12
Q

What is natural selection?

A

having traits that make something more likely to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory and who created it?

A

Sigmund Freud said that human behavior is influenced by unconscious mental forces. children and sexual urges

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14
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

make the patient aware of unconscious conflicts

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15
Q

what is the gestalt theory and who created it?

A

Max Wert though that perception of objects is a personal experience

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16
Q

what is behaviorism and who created it?

A

John B. Watson thought that humans learned all behaviors through environmental factors

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17
Q

what is humanistic psychology and who created it?

A

Carl Rogers believed people are motivated to grow and choose activities that make them happy, are they fulfilled?

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18
Q

what is cognitive psychology and who created it?

A

George Miller, how people think, remember, pay attention, and make decisions

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19
Q

what is tabula rasa?

A

the mind in its empty and blank state before receiving outside influence, babys when they are born

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20
Q

what is the biological school of thought?

A

behavior is a consequence of genetics and physiology

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21
Q

what is the social school of thought?

A

prejudice, bigotry, bystander effect

22
Q

what is the evolutionary school of thouht?

A

useful mental and psychological traits are products of natural selection

23
Q

Who was the first American to earn a psychology pH.D?

A

Stanley Hall

24
Q

who conducted memory experiments on themselves?

A

Ebbinghous

25
Q

What does the I.R.B stand for?

A

Institutional Review Board

26
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

think themes, can be subjective

27
Q

what is quantitative research?

A

think statistics and numbers, can be measured (uses the experimental method)

28
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

what we manipulate

29
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

result of the manipulated independent variable, even if nothing occurs

30
Q

what is the extraneous variable?

A

variables you can control for, can keep like from the experiment. Ex. are age, gender, race

31
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

variables you cannot control for, can’t keep out of the experiment

32
Q

What is the observational method (or naturalistic)?

A

observing with no influence

33
Q

what is the case study method?

A

not generalized, can’t apply to the population, descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of something

34
Q

What is the experimental type of research?

A

the scientific method

35
Q

What is correlation?

A

relationship between two variables, correlation does nor equal causation.

36
Q

What is the research method of using survey?

A

not always honest, bias is hard to control

37
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

when the sample is not representative of the general population

38
Q

what is selection bias?

A

when participants were not fairly selected

39
Q

what is response bias?

A

only certain individuals respond to a survey

40
Q

what is the hawthorn effect?

A

subjects alter their behavior when they know they are being observed

41
Q

what is social desirability?

A

answering with socially responsible answers

42
Q

what is observer bias?

A

the researcher influences results

43
Q

What is a placebo?

A

sham or treatment designed to have no therapeutic value

44
Q

What is empiricism?

A

belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments, rather than theories, as a basis for knowledge

45
Q

clark

A

ethnicity tied to self-concept

46
Q

skinner

A

operant conditioning - method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior

47
Q

pavlov

A

classical conditioning - a type of learning that happens unconsciously

48
Q

carl rogers

A

self-actualization

49
Q

freud

A

unconscious motivation

50
Q

rizzolattie

A

mirror neurons - mirroring an action

51
Q

ebbinghaus

A

memory concepts

52
Q

cattell

A

psychological assessment - necessary to look at a much larger number of traits in order to get a complete picture of someone’s personality.

Psychology 150 (12 decks)

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