Chapter 1

Question 1

what is psychology?

Answer 1

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

Question 2

Step one in critical thinking

Answer 2

What is the claim I am being asked to believe?

Question 3

Step two in critical thinking

Answer 3

What evidence is provided to support the claim?

Question 4

step three in critical thinking

Answer 4

given the evidence, what are the most reasonable conclusions about the claim?

Question 5

Who came up with the nature/nurture idea?

Answer 5

Aristotle and Plato

Question 6

What is dualism and who came up with it?

Answer 6

It is where the mind and body are separated but connected parts of a person. Descartes

Question 7

Who created the first psychology lab?

Answer 7

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 Germany.

Question 8

What is reaction time?

Answer 8

time it takes to complete a psychological task

Question 9

what is the introspection method?

Answer 9

when people reported their thoughts about personal experiences of objects

Question 10

What is structuralism and who created it?

Answer 10

Edward Titchener used introspection to investigate basic parts of the conscious mind

Question 11

what is Functionalism and who created it?

Answer 11

William James argued that the mind was more complex

Question 12

What is natural selection?

Answer 12

having traits that make something more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 13

What is the psychoanalytic theory and who created it?

Answer 13

Sigmund Freud said that human behavior is influenced by unconscious mental forces. children and sexual urges

Question 14

what is psychoanalysis?

Answer 14

make the patient aware of unconscious conflicts

Question 15

what is the gestalt theory and who created it?

Answer 15

Max Wert though that perception of objects is a personal experience

Question 16

what is behaviorism and who created it?

Answer 16

John B. Watson thought that humans learned all behaviors through environmental factors

Question 17

what is humanistic psychology and who created it?

Answer 17

Carl Rogers believed people are motivated to grow and choose activities that make them happy, are they fulfilled?

Question 18

what is cognitive psychology and who created it?

Answer 18

George Miller, how people think, remember, pay attention, and make decisions

Question 19

what is tabula rasa?

Answer 19

the mind in its empty and blank state before receiving outside influence, babys when they are born

Question 20

what is the biological school of thought?

Answer 20

behavior is a consequence of genetics and physiology

Question 21

what is the social school of thought?

Answer 21

prejudice, bigotry, bystander effect

Question 22

what is the evolutionary school of thouht?

Answer 22

useful mental and psychological traits are products of natural selection

Question 23

Who was the first American to earn a psychology pH.D?

Answer 23

Stanley Hall

Question 24

who conducted memory experiments on themselves?

Answer 24

Ebbinghous

Question 25

What does the I.R.B stand for?

Answer 25

Institutional Review Board

Question 26

What is qualitative research?

Answer 26

think themes, can be subjective

Question 27

what is quantitative research?

Answer 27

think statistics and numbers, can be measured (uses the experimental method)

Question 28

What is an independent variable?

Answer 28

what we manipulate

Question 29

what is the dependent variable?

Answer 29

result of the manipulated independent variable, even if nothing occurs

Question 30

what is the extraneous variable?

Answer 30

variables you can control for, can keep like from the experiment. Ex. are age, gender, race

Question 31

What are confounding variables?

Answer 31

variables you cannot control for, can't keep out of the experiment

Question 32

What is the observational method (or naturalistic)?

Answer 32

observing with no influence

Question 33

what is the case study method?

Answer 33

not generalized, can't apply to the population, descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of something

Question 34

What is the experimental type of research?

Answer 34

the scientific method

Question 35

What is correlation?

Answer 35

relationship between two variables, correlation does nor equal causation.

Question 36

What is the research method of using survey?

Answer 36

not always honest, bias is hard to control

Question 37

What is sampling bias?

Answer 37

when the sample is not representative of the general population

Question 38

what is selection bias?

Answer 38

when participants were not fairly selected

Question 39

what is response bias?

Answer 39

only certain individuals respond to a survey

Question 40

what is the hawthorn effect?

Answer 40

subjects alter their behavior when they know they are being observed

Question 41

what is social desirability?

Answer 41

answering with socially responsible answers

Question 42

what is observer bias?

Answer 42

the researcher influences results

Question 43

What is a placebo?

Answer 43

sham or treatment designed to have no therapeutic value

Question 44

What is empiricism?

Answer 44

belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments, rather than theories, as a basis for knowledge

Question 45

clark

Answer 45

ethnicity tied to self-concept

Question 46

skinner

Answer 46

operant conditioning - method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior

Question 47

pavlov

Answer 47

classical conditioning - a type of learning that happens unconsciously

Question 48

carl rogers

Answer 48

self-actualization

Question 49

freud

Answer 49

unconscious motivation

Question 50

rizzolattie

Answer 50

mirror neurons - mirroring an action

Question 51

ebbinghaus

Answer 51

memory concepts

Question 52

cattell

Answer 52

psychological assessment - necessary to look at a much larger number of traits in order to get a complete picture of someone's personality.