Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is psychology?
the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Step one in critical thinking
What is the claim I am being asked to believe?
Step two in critical thinking
What evidence is provided to support the claim?
step three in critical thinking
given the evidence, what are the most reasonable conclusions about the claim?
Who came up with the nature/nurture idea?
Aristotle and Plato
What is dualism and who came up with it?
It is where the mind and body are separated but connected parts of a person. Descartes
Who created the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 Germany.
What is reaction time?
time it takes to complete a psychological task
what is the introspection method?
when people reported their thoughts about personal experiences of objects
What is structuralism and who created it?
Edward Titchener used introspection to investigate basic parts of the conscious mind
what is Functionalism and who created it?
William James argued that the mind was more complex
What is natural selection?
having traits that make something more likely to survive and reproduce
What is the psychoanalytic theory and who created it?
Sigmund Freud said that human behavior is influenced by unconscious mental forces. children and sexual urges
what is psychoanalysis?
make the patient aware of unconscious conflicts
what is the gestalt theory and who created it?
Max Wert though that perception of objects is a personal experience
what is behaviorism and who created it?
John B. Watson thought that humans learned all behaviors through environmental factors
what is humanistic psychology and who created it?
Carl Rogers believed people are motivated to grow and choose activities that make them happy, are they fulfilled?
what is cognitive psychology and who created it?
George Miller, how people think, remember, pay attention, and make decisions
what is tabula rasa?
the mind in its empty and blank state before receiving outside influence, babys when they are born
what is the biological school of thought?
behavior is a consequence of genetics and physiology
what is the social school of thought?
prejudice, bigotry, bystander effect
what is the evolutionary school of thouht?
useful mental and psychological traits are products of natural selection
Who was the first American to earn a psychology pH.D?
Stanley Hall
who conducted memory experiments on themselves?
Ebbinghous
What does the I.R.B stand for?
Institutional Review Board
What is qualitative research?
think themes, can be subjective
what is quantitative research?
think statistics and numbers, can be measured (uses the experimental method)
What is an independent variable?
what we manipulate
what is the dependent variable?
result of the manipulated independent variable, even if nothing occurs
what is the extraneous variable?
variables you can control for, can keep like from the experiment. Ex. are age, gender, race
What are confounding variables?
variables you cannot control for, can’t keep out of the experiment
What is the observational method (or naturalistic)?
observing with no influence
what is the case study method?
not generalized, can’t apply to the population, descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of something
What is the experimental type of research?
the scientific method
What is correlation?
relationship between two variables, correlation does nor equal causation.
What is the research method of using survey?
not always honest, bias is hard to control
What is sampling bias?
when the sample is not representative of the general population
what is selection bias?
when participants were not fairly selected
what is response bias?
only certain individuals respond to a survey
what is the hawthorn effect?
subjects alter their behavior when they know they are being observed
what is social desirability?
answering with socially responsible answers
what is observer bias?
the researcher influences results
What is a placebo?
sham or treatment designed to have no therapeutic value
What is empiricism?
belief that people should rely on practical experience and experiments, rather than theories, as a basis for knowledge
clark
ethnicity tied to self-concept
skinner
operant conditioning - method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior
pavlov
classical conditioning - a type of learning that happens unconsciously
carl rogers
self-actualization
freud
unconscious motivation
rizzolattie
mirror neurons - mirroring an action
ebbinghaus
memory concepts
cattell
psychological assessment - necessary to look at a much larger number of traits in order to get a complete picture of someone’s personality.
