Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the conscious level?
level of awareness of self and the environment
what is the subconscious level?
consciousness just below our present awareness; info we are not aware of but we know it’s there
what is the unconscious level?
some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind
what is the nonconscious level?
body processes controlled by your mind that we not usually aware of
what is the preconscious level?
info about self or environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be
what is the nonconscious process?
where multitasking happens
what is parallel processing?
ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously.
what is the first function of our consciousness?
focuses our attention; selective attention
what is the cocktail party effect?
focus’s ones auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
what is the second function of the consciousness?
provides a mental “meeting place”; where sensation combines with memory, emotions, and motives
what is the third function of our consciousness?
gives us a mental model of the world
what are preconscious memories?
information not currently in consciousness but recalled voluntarily
what is unconscious cognition without awareness?
levels of brain systems that range from autopilot to subtle influences on the brain
what is the mere-exposure effect?
prefer stimuli we have seen before over other stimuli
what is priming?
respond more quickly and/or accurately to questions they have seen before
what is blind sight?
person being blind but able to grasp an object they cannot see
what is daydreaming?
detaches from tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction
what are biological clocks?
internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
what is the circadian rhythm?
sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24 hours
what is sleep deprivation?
if we don’t get enough sleep, our hormones that help keep up our immune system decrease; cortisol increases, and causes fatigue, less concentration, and irritability; symptoms similar to ADHD
how does the hypothalamus relate to sleep?
it is the control center for the 24 hour rhythm of sleep; senses change in light and dark
what is NREM sleep?
non-rapid eye movement sleep involves partial thoughts, images, poor organization
what is REM sleep?
rapid eye movement when we dream; brain waves increase speed and strength; brain patterns resemble moments of when awake but relaxed
what are beta waves?
rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake
what are alpha waves?
stage 1, where relaxed brain waves occur just before going to sleep
what are delta waves?
slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves
what happens in stage NREM 1?
lasts only 5-10 minutes; easily awakened
what happens in stage NREM 2?
brain waves slowing down; lasts about 20 minutes
what happens in stage NREM 3?
after 30 minutes, brain waves slow a lot; slow wave sleep
what is a nightmare?
frightening dream during REM
what does freud think the function of dreaming is?
it guards sleep and serves as source for wish fulfillment
what is manifest content?
actual dream or the story line
what is latent content?
the hidden symbolic meaning
what did Calvin Hall find out from recording 10,000 dreams?
most people dreamed about ordinary events
are sleep terrors or sleep paralysis considered nightmares?
no they are not
what is REM rebound?
increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of them
what is an incubus attack?
night terror occurring during NREM
what is insomnia?
the inability to fall asleep
what is the biggest cause of insomnia?
worrying about not sleeping
what is narcolepsy?
sleep attacks; uncontrollable, suddenly slips into REM sleep during the day
what is sleep apnea?
stop breathing during sleep
what are night terrors?
usually in children; happens outside of REM in stage 4 of sleep; high alertness, appearance of being afraid
what is somnambulism?
sleepwalking
what is restless leg syndrome?
uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep
what myoclonus?
sudden movements or flinch of a body occurring in stage 1 or 2
what is sleep paralysis?
inability to move because body prevents movement to prevent sleepwalking; mind is awake before the body
what is an altered state of consciousness?
mental state that differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness
what are psychoactive drugs?
chemical substances that change mood and perceptions
what are dreams?
vivivd visual or auditory experiences that occur during REM sleep
what is substance abuse?
pattern of drug use that diminishes ability to fulfill responsibilities
what is substance dependence?
pattern of compulsive drug taking that results in tolerance and withdrawal
what is tolerance?
higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects
what are withdrawal symptoms?
unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow not taking drugs
what is hypnosis?
state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion; disassociation from our consciousness temporarily; not everyone can do go under it
what is hypnosis affective for?
weight loss, but not stopping alcohol or cigarette abuse
According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are?
in an altered state where awareness is separated from other parts of consciousness
what is Freud’s wish fulfillment theory?
dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”; expressing unacceptable feelings; manifest and latent content
what is the information-processing theory?
dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
what is the physiological function theory?
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
what is the activation-synthesis theory?
REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
what is the cognitive theory?
dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development; their knowledge and understanding
