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Psychology 150 > Chapter 4 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is nature?

A

characteristics a person is born with; effects of genetics

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2
Q

what is nurture?

A

characteristics that are the result of the influence of the environment

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3
Q

what is the prenatal stage?

A

a 9 month period of development before birth

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4
Q

what is a zygote?

A

the egg is fertilized; a 2 week period of rapid cell division occurs

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5
Q

what is an embryo?

A

developing organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month of pregnancy

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6
Q

what is a fetus?

A

developing human fetus from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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7
Q

when do most infants survive?

A

20-26 weeks

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8
Q

what are teratogens?

A

substances from the environment that enter through placenta and harm the developing baby

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9
Q

what are examples of teratogens?

A

virus, alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), and drugs

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10
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

babies open their mouth and search fro nipple when cheek is touched

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11
Q

what is temperament?

A

emotional excitability seen a few weeks after birth

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12
Q

what is maturation?

A

biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior; happens back to front; standing before walking

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13
Q

what is the Piaget theory?

A

child’s mind develops through a series of stages

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14
Q

what are schemas?

A

concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

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15
Q

what is assimilation?

A

The process we use to incorporate new information into existing schemas (mental representations

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16
Q

what is accommodation?

A

The process we use to create new schemas (mental representations) or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit

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17
Q

what is egocentrism

A

the inability of preoperational child to take another’s point of view; conservation does not exist

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18
Q

what is the theory of mind?

A

idea that other people have thoughts, feelings, emotions; people’s ideas about their own and others mental states

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19
Q

what is Ainsworth’s the stranger situation?

A

fear of strangers that infants display begins at about 8 months old

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20
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

emotional tie with another person; seeking closeness to caregiver and showing distress when separated

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21
Q

what is imprinting?

A

certain animals and babies form attachments during period early in life; very important

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22
Q

what is the first stage in Piaget?

A

sensorimotor stage (some)

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23
Q

what is the second stage in Piaget?

A

preoperational stage (pandas)

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24
Q

what is the third stage in Piaget?

A

concrete operations stage (cannot)

25
Q

what is the fourth stage in Piaget?

A

formal operations (forget cheese)

26
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

senses and actions like looking, touching, grasping, and movement, help form the experiences of the world; OBJECT PERMANENCE; ages birth to 2

27
Q

what is an object remains whether or not it is seen

A

sensorimotor; examples peekabo

28
Q

what does Piaget explain?

A

cognitive development

29
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

lack logical reasoning, but use words and images to represent things, symbolic thinking; growing awareness of reversibility and CONSERVATION; 2 to 6/7 years old

30
Q

what is an object remains the same no matter how it is represented

A

preoperational stage; think video of boy describing coins

31
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

can think logically about concrete events and perform math; understanding world; HIERARCHIES; 6/7 to 11 years

32
Q

what is the formal operations stage?

A

abstract reasoning/thought develops and thought is more idealistic; 12 to infinity

33
Q

What causes insecure infant attachment?

A

unsafe environment without proper resources; unresponsive and inconsistent parenting

34
Q

what is the result of insecure attachment?

A

early sexual maturation and more mating partners

35
Q

what causes secure infant attachment?

A

safe environment with plenty of resources and emotional attention; sensitive and responsive parenting

36
Q

what is the result of secure attachment?

A

later sexual maturation with quality mating partner emphasized

37
Q

Describe an authoritative parenting style:

A

parent is warm, attentive, sensitive to needs and interests
Authority: reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level
Authonomy: permits child to make decisions with developmental readiness

38
Q

describe an authoritarian parenting style:

A

parent is cold and rejecting; degrades child
Authority: highly demanding of child; coercion, commanding, criticizing, punishment
Autonomy: makes decision for child without listening to child

39
Q

describe a permissive parenting style:

A

parent is warm but spoils child
Authority: few or no demands, misplaces concern for self-esteem
Autonomy: permits child to make decisions before they are ready

40
Q

describe an uninvolved parenting style:

A

parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn, neglectful
Authority: few or no demand because they don’t have interest or expectations
Autonomy: indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view

41
Q

what is the Heinz Dilemma?

A

a man steals pills for his dying wife

42
Q

what are the stages in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality

43
Q

what is the preconventional morality stage?

A

before age 9, kids have it; power of authority, obey to avoid punishment or gain reward; black and white

44
Q

what is the conventional morality stage?

A

most adults, upholding laws simply because they are laws, expectations; not stopping at red light to save bleeding friend

45
Q

what is the postconventional morality stage?

A

personal ethics and human life; abstract reasoning; follows as what one personally perceives as being ethics

46
Q

what are the stages of grief in order?

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

47
Q

Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation. Her baby has not finished the ________ period of prenatal development. It ________ live outside of the womb.

A

fetal, can

48
Q

Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha’s feelings are most likely due to activation in her

A

limbic system

49
Q

A research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development, but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy. Researchers are worried that this will most likely affect

A

heart development

50
Q

Claudia has been feeling ill for a couple weeks and finds out she is two weeks pregnant. Up to this point, her baby has been in the ________ period of development, and the ________ has begun to form

A

germinal, placenta

51
Q

Jonah learned to eat cereal by picking up a few pieces at a time and putting his fingers and the cereal pieces into his mouth. While eating yogurt, Jonah realizes that this method does not work, so he instead learns that yogurt is eaten with a spoon. Jonah’s learning to eat yogurt with a spoon—NOT his fingers—shows

A

accommodation

52
Q

Joe is nearing the end of his life. He reflects on his past, focusing on how he spent his whole life working long hours at his job. As a result, he is struggling with whether his life has been well lived. Joe is most likely experiencing the ________ stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.

A

integrity vs despair

53
Q

Baby George’s mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George’s behavior is most consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style.

A

ambivalent

54
Q

Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds like “baba” and “momo.” On the other hand, 16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences like “Daddy eat” and “Mama give.” Robby’s speech is ________, whereas Rebecca’s speech is ________.

A

babbling, telegraphic

55
Q

A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A

preoperational

56
Q

According to Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, individuals experience the crisis of ________ during the adolescent years, where they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are.

A

identity vs role confusion

57
Q

what is ambivalent attachment?

A

The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver— they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon the caregiver’s return

58
Q

what is babbling?

A

Intentional vocalization, often by an infant, that does not have a specific meaning

59
Q

what is telegraphic speech?

A

The tendency for toddlers to speak by combining basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence, to convey a wealth of meaning.

Psychology 150 (12 decks)

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