Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards
what is nature?
characteristics a person is born with; effects of genetics
what is nurture?
characteristics that are the result of the influence of the environment
what is the prenatal stage?
a 9 month period of development before birth
what is a zygote?
the egg is fertilized; a 2 week period of rapid cell division occurs
what is an embryo?
developing organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month of pregnancy
what is a fetus?
developing human fetus from 9 weeks after conception to birth
when do most infants survive?
20-26 weeks
what are teratogens?
substances from the environment that enter through placenta and harm the developing baby
what are examples of teratogens?
virus, alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), and drugs
what is the rooting reflex?
babies open their mouth and search fro nipple when cheek is touched
what is temperament?
emotional excitability seen a few weeks after birth
what is maturation?
biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior; happens back to front; standing before walking
what is the Piaget theory?
child’s mind develops through a series of stages
what are schemas?
concept of framework that organizes and interprets information
what is assimilation?
The process we use to incorporate new information into existing schemas (mental representations
what is accommodation?
The process we use to create new schemas (mental representations) or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit
what is egocentrism
the inability of preoperational child to take another’s point of view; conservation does not exist
what is the theory of mind?
idea that other people have thoughts, feelings, emotions; people’s ideas about their own and others mental states
what is Ainsworth’s the stranger situation?
fear of strangers that infants display begins at about 8 months old
what is secure attachment?
emotional tie with another person; seeking closeness to caregiver and showing distress when separated
what is imprinting?
certain animals and babies form attachments during period early in life; very important
what is the first stage in Piaget?
sensorimotor stage (some)
what is the second stage in Piaget?
preoperational stage (pandas)
what is the third stage in Piaget?
concrete operations stage (cannot)
what is the fourth stage in Piaget?
formal operations (forget cheese)
what is the sensorimotor stage?
senses and actions like looking, touching, grasping, and movement, help form the experiences of the world; OBJECT PERMANENCE; ages birth to 2
what is an object remains whether or not it is seen
sensorimotor; examples peekabo
what does Piaget explain?
cognitive development
what is the preoperational stage?
lack logical reasoning, but use words and images to represent things, symbolic thinking; growing awareness of reversibility and CONSERVATION; 2 to 6/7 years old
what is an object remains the same no matter how it is represented
preoperational stage; think video of boy describing coins
what is the concrete operational stage?
can think logically about concrete events and perform math; understanding world; HIERARCHIES; 6/7 to 11 years
what is the formal operations stage?
abstract reasoning/thought develops and thought is more idealistic; 12 to infinity
What causes insecure infant attachment?
unsafe environment without proper resources; unresponsive and inconsistent parenting
what is the result of insecure attachment?
early sexual maturation and more mating partners
what causes secure infant attachment?
safe environment with plenty of resources and emotional attention; sensitive and responsive parenting
what is the result of secure attachment?
later sexual maturation with quality mating partner emphasized
Describe an authoritative parenting style:
parent is warm, attentive, sensitive to needs and interests
Authority: reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level
Authonomy: permits child to make decisions with developmental readiness
describe an authoritarian parenting style:
parent is cold and rejecting; degrades child
Authority: highly demanding of child; coercion, commanding, criticizing, punishment
Autonomy: makes decision for child without listening to child
describe a permissive parenting style:
parent is warm but spoils child
Authority: few or no demands, misplaces concern for self-esteem
Autonomy: permits child to make decisions before they are ready
describe an uninvolved parenting style:
parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn, neglectful
Authority: few or no demand because they don’t have interest or expectations
Autonomy: indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view
what is the Heinz Dilemma?
a man steals pills for his dying wife
what are the stages in Kohlberg’s theory?
preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality
what is the preconventional morality stage?
before age 9, kids have it; power of authority, obey to avoid punishment or gain reward; black and white
what is the conventional morality stage?
most adults, upholding laws simply because they are laws, expectations; not stopping at red light to save bleeding friend
what is the postconventional morality stage?
personal ethics and human life; abstract reasoning; follows as what one personally perceives as being ethics
what are the stages of grief in order?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation. Her baby has not finished the ________ period of prenatal development. It ________ live outside of the womb.
fetal, can
Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha’s feelings are most likely due to activation in her
limbic system
A research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development, but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy. Researchers are worried that this will most likely affect
heart development
Claudia has been feeling ill for a couple weeks and finds out she is two weeks pregnant. Up to this point, her baby has been in the ________ period of development, and the ________ has begun to form
germinal, placenta
Jonah learned to eat cereal by picking up a few pieces at a time and putting his fingers and the cereal pieces into his mouth. While eating yogurt, Jonah realizes that this method does not work, so he instead learns that yogurt is eaten with a spoon. Jonah’s learning to eat yogurt with a spoon—NOT his fingers—shows
accommodation
Joe is nearing the end of his life. He reflects on his past, focusing on how he spent his whole life working long hours at his job. As a result, he is struggling with whether his life has been well lived. Joe is most likely experiencing the ________ stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.
integrity vs despair
Baby George’s mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George’s behavior is most consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style.
ambivalent
Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds like “baba” and “momo.” On the other hand, 16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences like “Daddy eat” and “Mama give.” Robby’s speech is ________, whereas Rebecca’s speech is ________.
babbling, telegraphic
A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
According to Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, individuals experience the crisis of ________ during the adolescent years, where they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are.
identity vs role confusion
what is ambivalent attachment?
The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver— they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon the caregiver’s return
what is babbling?
Intentional vocalization, often by an infant, that does not have a specific meaning
what is telegraphic speech?
The tendency for toddlers to speak by combining basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence, to convey a wealth of meaning.
