Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NASM > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal & external forces acting on the human body & the effects produced by these forces; “sports biomechanics”

Helps to better predict performance in athletic events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

“The knee is more proximal to the hip than the ankle”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of referance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anterior (or Ventral)

A

On the front of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Posterior (or Dorsal)

A

On the back of the body

“The hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 dimensions used to describe human movement?

A

Sagittal; Frontal; Transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anatomic Position

A

The position of the body erect with the arms at the sides & the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Terms like anterior/posterior, lateral etc. apply to the body in this position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left & right halves

Flexion/Extension motion; Coronal axis

Biceps curl, Triceps pushdown, Squat, Front lunge, Cal raise, Walking, Running, Vertical jumping & Climbing stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front & back halves

Adduction/Abduction, Lateral Flexion, Eversion/Inversion; Anterior-posterior axis

Side lateral raise, Side lunge, Side shuffle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body; protraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body; retraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top & bottom halves

Internal rotation, External rotation, left/right rotation, Horizontal adduction, Horizontal abduction
Longitudinal axis

Trunk rotation, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Horizontal Adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

26
Q

Scapular Retraction

A

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

27
Q

Scapular Protraction

A

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

28
Q

Scapular Depression

A

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula

29
Q

What are the 3 primary types of muscle actions?

A
  1. Isotonic - constant muscle tension
  2. Isometric - constant muscle length
  3. Isokinetic - constant velocity of motion
30
Q

What do the following prefixes mean? ISO; TONIC; METRIC; KINETIC

A

ISO - same or equal; eccentric & concentric
TONIC - tension
METRIC - length
KINETIC - motion

31
Q

What happens in an ISOTONIC muscle contraction

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed & movement occurs through a given range of motion

32
Q

Eccentric Muscle Action

A

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

Synonymous with deceleration

33
Q

Concentric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Synonymous with acceleration

34
Q

Muscle Action Spectrum

A

Isotonic- force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion

Eccentric - Moving in the same direction as the resistance; decelerates or reduces force

Concentric - moving in opposite direction of force; accelerates or produces force

Isometric

Isokinetic

35
Q

Isometric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length

No visible movement with or against resistance

Dynamically stabilizes forces

36
Q

Isokinetic Muscle Action

A

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted

Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories

37
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

38
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

*think “actin-myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap”

39
Q

Force-velocity curve

A

Refers to the relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension of differing shortening velocities

40
Q

Force couple

A

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

41
Q

Common Force-couples

A
  1. Internal & External Obliques - Trunk rotation
  2. Upper trapezius & the lower portion of the serratus anterior - upward rotation of the scapula
  3. Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, & calf muscles - Produce hip & knee extension during walking, running, stair climbing, etc.
  4. Gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior - Performing plantar flexion at the foot and ankle complex
  5. Deltoid & rotator cuff - Performing shoulder abduction
42
Q

How many classes of levers are there?

A
  1. First - fulcrum (pivot point) in the middle
    Ex) Head nod
  2. Second - resistance is in the middle
    Ex) Calf raise
  3. Third - effort is placed between the resistance and the fulcrum
    Ex) Human forearm
43
Q

Rotary Motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joint

44
Q

Torque

A

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm

45
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal & external environmental stimuli

MB — Motor control; Motor learning; Motor development

46
Q

Motor control

A

How the central nervous system integrates internal & external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

47
Q

Motor learning

A

Integration of motor control processes through practice & experience, leading to a relative permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

48
Q

Motor development

A

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

49
Q

Muscle Synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

50
Q

Sensorimotor Integration

A

The cooperation of the nervous system & muscular system in gathering and interpreting information & executing movement

*important for proper personal training; incorrect information from proprioception creates incorrect form which leads to injury

51
Q

What are common muscle synergies?

A

Squat - Quadriceps, hamstring complex, gluteus maximus

Shoulder press - Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius

52
Q

Feedback

A

The use of sensory information & sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

2 TYPES
Internal feedback
External feedback

53
Q

External feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a health & fitness professional, videotape, mirror or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment

*Knowledge of results & knowledge of performance

54
Q

Internal feedback

A

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement & the environment

55
Q

As the velocity of a muscle contraction increases, the ability to produce force decreases for which part of the muscle action spectrum?

A

Concentric

56
Q

What refers to a position on the same side of the body?

A

Proximal

57
Q

Lateral view - checkpoint LPHC

A

Compensation
A - Excessive forward lean
B - Low back arches

Probable Overactive Muscles
A - Soleus, gastrocnemius, hip flexor complex, abdominal complex
B - Hip flexor complex, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi

Probably Underactive Muscles
A - Anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus, erector spinae
B - Gluteus maximus, Hamstring complex, Intrinsic core stabilizers

58
Q

Lateral view - checkpoint Upper Body

A

Compensation
A - Arms fall forward

Probable Overactive Muscles
A - Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Pectoralis major/minor

Probably Underactive Muscles
A - Mid/lower trapezius, rhomboids, rotator cuff

59
Q

Anterior view - checkpoint Feet

A

Compensation
A - Turn out

Probable Overactive Muscles
A - Soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris (short head)

Probably Underactive Muscles
A - Medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstring complex, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

60
Q

Anterior view - checkpoint Knees

A

Compensation
A - Move inward

Probable Overactive Muscles
A - Adductor complex, biceps femoris (short head), TFL, vastus lateralis

Probably Underactive Muscles
A - Gluteus medius/macimus, vastus medialis oblique (VMO)

NASM (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions