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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Movement System

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular & skeletal systems

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

The conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body; 2 parts - Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Function 2. Integration Function 3. Motor Function
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4
Q

Sensory Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment; INTERNAL = a stretch placed on a muscle; EXTERNAL = change from walking on sidewalk to walking on sand

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5
Q

Integrative Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

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6
Q

Motor Function

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information EX) Causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far

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7
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input sent to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense sense body position and limb movement EX) When we walk or run our feet gives us feedback about the type of terrain

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8
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

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9
Q

What 3 Parts is the Neuron Composed of?

A
  1. Cells 2. Axon 3. Dendrites`
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10
Q

What are the 3 Main Functional Classifications of Neurons that are Determined by the Direction of their Nerve Impulses?

A
  1. Sensory (affarent) Neuron 2. Interneuron 3. Motor (efferent) Neuron EX. A person touching a hot object 1. Signals hand to brain that “it’s hot!” 2. Signal is traveling to react 3. Sense signal to appropriate muscle
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11
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Transmits nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles & organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal chord

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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13
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Transmits nerve impulses from the brain & spinal chord to the effector sites

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14
Q

What does a neuron consist of?

A
  1. Dendrites 2. Nucleus 3. Axon 4. Nodes 5. Myelin Sheath 6. Neurolenima 7. Synaptic Terminals
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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain & spinal chord; it’s primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial & spinal nerves that spread throughout the body; 12 cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; Sensory receptors

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17
Q

What are 2 Subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System - responsible for voluntary control of movement 2. Automatic Nervous System - supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive system, endocrine glands) SPLITS into 1. Sympathetic (increase levels of activation) & 2. Parasympathetic (decrease levels of activation)
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18
Q

List the 10 Parts of the Spinal chord diagram

A
  1. Brain 2. Brain stem 3. Cervical Enlargement 4. Spinal Chord 5. Lumbar Enlargement 6. Cervical nerves 7. Thoracic nerves 8. Lumbar nerves 9. Sacral nerves 10. Coccyglal Nerve
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19
Q

What are the 4 Categories of Sensory Receptors?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure 2. Nociceptors - pain 3. Chemoreceptors - smell, taste 4. Photoreceptors - vision
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20
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues (located in muscles, tendons, ligaments & joint capsules)

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21
Q

The Nervous System is broken down into what

A

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System; PNS splits into Sensory Nerves & Motor Nerves; Motor splits into Somatic & Automatic; Automatic splits into Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

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22
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING

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23
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING

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24
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

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25
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework composed of bones & joints; There are 206 bones in the body

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26
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscle & protection for vital organs

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27
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as ARTICULATION; there are more than 300 joints in the human body

28
Q

What is the Skeletal System Divided into?

A
  1. Axial - consists of the rib cage, skull & vertebral column; 80 bones 2. Appendicular - consists of the upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle (the pelvic girdle is the link between the 2 extremities), 126 bones
29
Q

What 2 Functions Do Bones Perform?

A
  1. Leverage - bones act & perform as levers 2. Support - posture to properly support efficient distribution
30
Q

Remodeling

A

The process of resorption & formation of bone

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation

33
Q

What are the 5 Major Types of Bones in the Skeletal System?

A
  1. Flat - scapulae, patella 2. Short - tarsal of the feet, carpals of the hand 3. Long - humerus, femur 4. Irregular - vertebrae 5. Sesamoid - Patella
34
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of long bones; mainly composed of cancellous bone & house much of the red marrow involved in red cell & blood production; Also one of the primary sites for bone growth

35
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft portion of a long bone; “support”

36
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the “growth” plate

37
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense membrane of fibrous connective tissue that wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane

38
Q

Medullar Cavitiy

A

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

39
Q

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

40
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

41
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons & ligaments can attach

42
Q

Vertebral Column

A

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord; “AKA backbone or spinal column”

43
Q

Name the 6 parts of the Backbone

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. The Sacrum - Large triangle (4/5 inches as a child, but fuses as an adult 5. The Coccyx (tailbone) 6. Invertebral discs
44
Q

How many Curvatures does the Human Spine have & what are they?

A
  1. Posterior Cervical Curvature 2. Anterior Thoracic Curvature 3. Posterior Lumbar Curvature
45
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion; 1. Roll 2. Slide 3. Pin

46
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule & ligaments, and are most associated with movement in the body (80% of all joints are this)

47
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Gliding - carpals of the hand 2. Condyloid - knee ellipsoidal 3. Hinge - elbow 4. Saddle - ONLY: carpometacarpal 5. Pivot - radioulnar 6. Ball & Socket Joints - shoulder
48
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage EX) Sutures of the skull

49
Q

Ligament

A

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together & provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance & the limitation of improper joint movement

50
Q

Muscular System

A

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton; “the movers & stabilizers of our body”

51
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the FASCIA & surrounds the muscle

52
Q

Perimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the FASCICLES - which is a bundle of muscle fibers

53
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone & provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

54
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consist of repeating sections of actin & myosin

55
Q

What are 2 Protein Structures that are Important to Muscle Contraction?

A
  1. Troponin 2. Tropomysin
56
Q

Neural Activation

A

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

57
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

58
Q

Neuro Transmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

59
Q

Endomysium

A

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surround individual muscle fibers

60
Q

What is the “all or nothing” law & motor units?

A

Motor units either contract maximally or not at all

61
Q

Muscle Fiber Types

A
  1. Type 1; “Red Fibers”; Slow Twitch; it has more *capillaries, mitochondria & myoglobin; it’s slow to fatigue & smaller in size; stabilization, less force EX) sitting up straight for a long time 2. Type 2; “White Fibers”; Fast Twitch; fewer *; Larger in size, more force; quick to fatigue, force & power; EX) performing a sprint
62
Q

Muscle Functions

A
  1. Agonist - Prime mover 2. Synergist - Assists Prime Mover 3. Stabilizer - Stabilizes while Prime Mover & Synergest work 4. Antagonist - Opposes Prime Mover
63
Q

What are 3 Major Muscle Types in the Body?

A
  1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
64
Q

Endocrine System

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions - including the control of mood, growth & development, tissue function & metablolism

65
Q

What are the Primary Endocrine Glands?

A
  1. Hypothalamus - hormonal activity 2. Pituitary - the “master” gland (1. Anterior lobe 2. Intermediate lobe 3. Posterior lobe) 3. Thyroid 4. Adrenal

NASM (22 decks)

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