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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Movement System

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular & skeletal systems

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

The conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body; 2 parts - Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Function 2. Integration Function 3. Motor Function
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4
Q

Sensory Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment; INTERNAL = a stretch placed on a muscle; EXTERNAL = change from walking on sidewalk to walking on sand

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5
Q

Integrative Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

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6
Q

Motor Function

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information EX) Causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far

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7
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input sent to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense sense body position and limb movement EX) When we walk or run our feet gives us feedback about the type of terrain

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8
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

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9
Q

What 3 Parts is the Neuron Composed of?

A
  1. Cells 2. Axon 3. Dendrites`
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10
Q

What are the 3 Main Functional Classifications of Neurons that are Determined by the Direction of their Nerve Impulses?

A
  1. Sensory (affarent) Neuron 2. Interneuron 3. Motor (efferent) Neuron EX. A person touching a hot object 1. Signals hand to brain that “it’s hot!” 2. Signal is traveling to react 3. Sense signal to appropriate muscle
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11
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Transmits nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles & organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal chord

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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13
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Transmits nerve impulses from the brain & spinal chord to the effector sites

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14
Q

What does a neuron consist of?

A
  1. Dendrites 2. Nucleus 3. Axon 4. Nodes 5. Myelin Sheath 6. Neurolenima 7. Synaptic Terminals
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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain & spinal chord; it’s primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial & spinal nerves that spread throughout the body; 12 cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; Sensory receptors

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17
Q

What are 2 Subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System - responsible for voluntary control of movement 2. Automatic Nervous System - supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive system, endocrine glands) SPLITS into 1. Sympathetic (increase levels of activation) & 2. Parasympathetic (decrease levels of activation)
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18
Q

List the 10 Parts of the Spinal chord diagram

A
  1. Brain 2. Brain stem 3. Cervical Enlargement 4. Spinal Chord 5. Lumbar Enlargement 6. Cervical nerves 7. Thoracic nerves 8. Lumbar nerves 9. Sacral nerves 10. Coccyglal Nerve
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19
Q

What are the 4 Categories of Sensory Receptors?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure 2. Nociceptors - pain 3. Chemoreceptors - smell, taste 4. Photoreceptors - vision
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20
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues (located in muscles, tendons, ligaments & joint capsules)

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21
Q

The Nervous System is broken down into what

A

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System; PNS splits into Sensory Nerves & Motor Nerves; Motor splits into Somatic & Automatic; Automatic splits into Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

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22
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING

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23
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING

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24
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

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25
Skeletal System
The body's framework composed of bones & joints; There are 206 bones in the body
26
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscle & protection for vital organs
27
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as ARTICULATION; there are more than 300 joints in the human body
28
What is the Skeletal System Divided into?
1. Axial - consists of the rib cage, skull & vertebral column; 80 bones 2. Appendicular - consists of the upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle (the pelvic girdle is the link between the 2 extremities), 126 bones
29
What 2 Functions Do Bones Perform?
1. Leverage - bones act & perform as levers 2. Support - posture to properly support efficient distribution
30
Remodeling
The process of resorption & formation of bone
31
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
32
Osteoblasts
A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation
33
What are the 5 Major Types of Bones in the Skeletal System?
1. Flat - scapulae, patella 2. Short - tarsal of the feet, carpals of the hand 3. Long - humerus, femur 4. Irregular - vertebrae 5. Sesamoid - Patella
34
Epiphysis
The end of long bones; mainly composed of cancellous bone & house much of the red marrow involved in red cell & blood production; Also one of the primary sites for bone growth
35
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone; "support"
36
Epiphyseal Plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the "growth" plate
37
Periosteum
A dense membrane of fibrous connective tissue that wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane
38
Medullar Cavitiy
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
39
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
40
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
41
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons & ligaments can attach
42
Vertebral Column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord; "AKA backbone or spinal column"
43
Name the 6 parts of the Backbone
1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. The Sacrum - Large triangle (4/5 inches as a child, but fuses as an adult 5. The Coccyx (tailbone) 6. Invertebral discs
44
How many Curvatures does the Human Spine have & what are they?
1. Posterior Cervical Curvature 2. Anterior Thoracic Curvature 3. Posterior Lumbar Curvature
45
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion; 1. Roll 2. Slide 3. Pin
46
Synovial Joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule & ligaments, and are most associated with movement in the body (80% of all joints are this)
47
Types of Synovial Joints
1. Gliding - carpals of the hand 2. Condyloid - knee ellipsoidal 3. Hinge - elbow 4. Saddle - ONLY: carpometacarpal 5. Pivot - radioulnar 6. Ball & Socket Joints - shoulder
48
Nonsynovial Joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage EX) Sutures of the skull
49
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together & provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance & the limitation of improper joint movement
50
Muscular System
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton; "the movers & stabilizers of our body"
51
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the FASCIA & surrounds the muscle
52
Perimysium
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the FASCICLES - which is a bundle of muscle fibers
53
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone & provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
54
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consist of repeating sections of actin & myosin
55
What are 2 Protein Structures that are Important to Muscle Contraction?
1. Troponin 2. Tropomysin
56
Neural Activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
57
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
58
Neuro Transmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
59
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surround individual muscle fibers
60
What is the "all or nothing" law & motor units?
Motor units either contract maximally or not at all
61
Muscle Fiber Types
1. Type 1; "Red Fibers"; Slow Twitch; it has more *capillaries, mitochondria & myoglobin; it's slow to fatigue & smaller in size; stabilization, less force EX) sitting up straight for a long time 2. Type 2; "White Fibers"; Fast Twitch; fewer *; Larger in size, more force; quick to fatigue, force & power; EX) performing a sprint
62
Muscle Functions
1. Agonist - Prime mover 2. Synergist - Assists Prime Mover 3. Stabilizer - Stabilizes while Prime Mover & Synergest work 4. Antagonist - Opposes Prime Mover
63
What are 3 Major Muscle Types in the Body?
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
64
Endocrine System
A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions - including the control of mood, growth & development, tissue function & metablolism
65
What are the Primary Endocrine Glands?
1. Hypothalamus - hormonal activity 2. Pituitary - the "master" gland (1. Anterior lobe 2. Intermediate lobe 3. Posterior lobe) 3. Thyroid 4. Adrenal

NASM (22 decks)

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