Chapter 2 Flashcards
Human Movement System
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular & skeletal systems
Nervous System
The conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body; 2 parts - Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory Function 2. Integration Function 3. Motor Function
Sensory Function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment; INTERNAL = a stretch placed on a muscle; EXTERNAL = change from walking on sidewalk to walking on sand
Integrative Function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Motor Function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information EX) Causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input sent to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense sense body position and limb movement EX) When we walk or run our feet gives us feedback about the type of terrain
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system
What 3 Parts is the Neuron Composed of?
- Cells 2. Axon 3. Dendrites`
What are the 3 Main Functional Classifications of Neurons that are Determined by the Direction of their Nerve Impulses?
- Sensory (affarent) Neuron 2. Interneuron 3. Motor (efferent) Neuron EX. A person touching a hot object 1. Signals hand to brain that “it’s hot!” 2. Signal is traveling to react 3. Sense signal to appropriate muscle
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles & organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal chord
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from the brain & spinal chord to the effector sites
What does a neuron consist of?
- Dendrites 2. Nucleus 3. Axon 4. Nodes 5. Myelin Sheath 6. Neurolenima 7. Synaptic Terminals
Central Nervous System
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain & spinal chord; it’s primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial & spinal nerves that spread throughout the body; 12 cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; Sensory receptors
What are 2 Subdivisions of the PNS?
- Somatic Nervous System - responsible for voluntary control of movement 2. Automatic Nervous System - supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive system, endocrine glands) SPLITS into 1. Sympathetic (increase levels of activation) & 2. Parasympathetic (decrease levels of activation)
List the 10 Parts of the Spinal chord diagram
- Brain 2. Brain stem 3. Cervical Enlargement 4. Spinal Chord 5. Lumbar Enlargement 6. Cervical nerves 7. Thoracic nerves 8. Lumbar nerves 9. Sacral nerves 10. Coccyglal Nerve
What are the 4 Categories of Sensory Receptors?
- Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure 2. Nociceptors - pain 3. Chemoreceptors - smell, taste 4. Photoreceptors - vision
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues (located in muscles, tendons, ligaments & joint capsules)
The Nervous System is broken down into what
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System; PNS splits into Sensory Nerves & Motor Nerves; Motor splits into Somatic & Automatic; Automatic splits into Parasympathetic & Sympathetic
Muscle Spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING
Golgi Tendon Organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle & the rate of that change; INTEGRAL PART OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING
Joint Receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Skeletal System
The body’s framework composed of bones & joints; There are 206 bones in the body
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscle & protection for vital organs
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as ARTICULATION; there are more than 300 joints in the human body
What is the Skeletal System Divided into?
- Axial - consists of the rib cage, skull & vertebral column; 80 bones 2. Appendicular - consists of the upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle (the pelvic girdle is the link between the 2 extremities), 126 bones
What 2 Functions Do Bones Perform?
- Leverage - bones act & perform as levers 2. Support - posture to properly support efficient distribution
Remodeling
The process of resorption & formation of bone
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
Osteoblasts
A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation
What are the 5 Major Types of Bones in the Skeletal System?
- Flat - scapulae, patella 2. Short - tarsal of the feet, carpals of the hand 3. Long - humerus, femur 4. Irregular - vertebrae 5. Sesamoid - Patella
Epiphysis
The end of long bones; mainly composed of cancellous bone & house much of the red marrow involved in red cell & blood production; Also one of the primary sites for bone growth
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone; “support”
Epiphyseal Plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the “growth” plate
Periosteum
A dense membrane of fibrous connective tissue that wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane
Medullar Cavitiy
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons & ligaments can attach
Vertebral Column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord; “AKA backbone or spinal column”
Name the 6 parts of the Backbone
- Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. The Sacrum - Large triangle (4/5 inches as a child, but fuses as an adult 5. The Coccyx (tailbone) 6. Invertebral discs
How many Curvatures does the Human Spine have & what are they?
- Posterior Cervical Curvature 2. Anterior Thoracic Curvature 3. Posterior Lumbar Curvature
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion; 1. Roll 2. Slide 3. Pin
Synovial Joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule & ligaments, and are most associated with movement in the body (80% of all joints are this)
Types of Synovial Joints
- Gliding - carpals of the hand 2. Condyloid - knee ellipsoidal 3. Hinge - elbow 4. Saddle - ONLY: carpometacarpal 5. Pivot - radioulnar 6. Ball & Socket Joints - shoulder
Nonsynovial Joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage EX) Sutures of the skull
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together & provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance & the limitation of improper joint movement
Muscular System
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton; “the movers & stabilizers of our body”
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the FASCIA & surrounds the muscle
Perimysium
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the FASCICLES - which is a bundle of muscle fibers
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone & provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consist of repeating sections of actin & myosin
What are 2 Protein Structures that are Important to Muscle Contraction?
- Troponin 2. Tropomysin
Neural Activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neuro Transmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surround individual muscle fibers
What is the “all or nothing” law & motor units?
Motor units either contract maximally or not at all
Muscle Fiber Types
- Type 1; “Red Fibers”; Slow Twitch; it has more *capillaries, mitochondria & myoglobin; it’s slow to fatigue & smaller in size; stabilization, less force EX) sitting up straight for a long time 2. Type 2; “White Fibers”; Fast Twitch; fewer *; Larger in size, more force; quick to fatigue, force & power; EX) performing a sprint
Muscle Functions
- Agonist - Prime mover 2. Synergist - Assists Prime Mover 3. Stabilizer - Stabilizes while Prime Mover & Synergest work 4. Antagonist - Opposes Prime Mover
What are 3 Major Muscle Types in the Body?
- Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
Endocrine System
A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions - including the control of mood, growth & development, tissue function & metablolism
What are the Primary Endocrine Glands?
- Hypothalamus - hormonal activity 2. Pituitary - the “master” gland (1. Anterior lobe 2. Intermediate lobe 3. Posterior lobe) 3. Thyroid 4. Adrenal
