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Biology 2112 > chapter 49 ~ reproductive system > Flashcards

chapter 49 ~ reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

A single individual gives rise to offspring; there is no genetic input from another individual

A

Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

Male and female parents produce offspring through fusion of gametes generated by meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are the three mechanisms involving mitosis?

A

Fission, budding and fragmentation

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4
Q

The parent separates into two or more offspring of approx equal size

A

Fission

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5
Q

What organisms undergo fission?

A

Planarians

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6
Q

A new individual develops while attached to the parent ~ offspring may break free from the parent or remain attached to form a colony

A

Budding

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7
Q

What organism undergo budding?

A

Hydra

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8
Q

Pieces separate from the body of a parent and develop (regenerate) into new individuals

A

Fragmentation

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9
Q

What organisms undergo fragmentation?

A

Flatworms, annelids, and some echinoderms

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10
Q

Offsprings of asexual reproduction are genetically

A

Identical to one another and to the parent (genetic clones of parent)

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11
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

-preserves genetic uniformity , helpful in stable environments
-no energy expended producing gametes
-no energy expanded in finding a mate

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Low genetic variability
  • slows evolution
  • difficult to adapt to environment
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13
Q

Animals produce offspring by development of an egg without fertilization

A

Parthenogenesis

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14
Q

Offspring of parthenogenesis are genetically….

A

Not genetically identical to the parent or to each other

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15
Q

What are offspring via parthenogenesis not genetically identical?

A

The egg is produced by meiosis in the female parent

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16
Q

What is the parthenogenesis offspring?

A

Haploid or diploid - depends on species

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17
Q

What is an example of parthenogenesis offspring?

A

Haploid male bees (drones) develop from unfertilized eggs produced by reproductive females

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18
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic diversity, increase chance of offspring grow, and reproduce successfully in a changing environment

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Expenditure of energy to produce gametes and find mates, finding mates increases exposure to predation and takes time from finding food and shelter and caring For offspring

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20
Q

What two mechanisms of meiosis give vise to genetic diversity?

A

Genetic recombination and independent assortment

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21
Q

What are other sources of genetic variability?

A

-Eggs and sperm fusing together randomly
-random DNA mutations (For both sexual and asexual)

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22
Q

Pairing of a male and a female for the purpose of sexual reproduction

A

Mating

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23
Q

Formation of male and female gametes

A

Gametogenesis

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24
Q

Formation of sperm in males

A

Spermatogenesis

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25
Q

Formation of ova or eggs in females

A

Oogenesis

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26
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Union of gametes

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27
Q

What does the fusion of a haploid sperm and egg during fertilization produce?

A

A diploid zygote - the first cell of a new individual

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28
Q

What do gametes form from?

A

Germ cells

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29
Q

A cell line that is set aside early in embryonic development and distinct from other body cells (somatic cells)

A

Germ cells

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30
Q

Where are germ cells located?

A

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

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31
Q

What do mitotic divisions of germ cells produce?

A

Spermatogonia and Oogonia

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32
Q

What cells enter meiosis to give rise to gametes via gametogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia and oogonia

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33
Q

What are the basic components of the reproductive system?

A

Gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, perineal structures (external genitalia)

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34
Q

What are the ducts role in the reproductive system?

A

Receive and transport gametes

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35
Q

What are the accessory glands and organs role in the reproductive system?

A

Secretes fluids into the ducts of the reproductive system and other excretory ducts

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36
Q

What does spermatogenesis produce?

A

4 mature haploid spermatozoa (sperm)

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37
Q

What makes sperm cells motile?

A

Flagellum

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38
Q

What happens during maturation from a spermatid to a sperm?

A

Most of the cytoplasm is lost except for the mitochondria

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39
Q

What does the mitochondria in a sperm do?

A

Produce the ATP to drive the flagellum

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40
Q

A specialized secretory vesicle that contains enzymes and other proteins that help the sperm penetrate the egg; forms a cap over the nucleus in the head of the sperm

A

Acrosome

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41
Q

Where does spermatogenesis begin?

A

Outermost layer of cells in the seminiferous tubules

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42
Q

What happens at each step of spermatogenesis?

A

The daughter cells move closer to the lumen

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43
Q

What do seminiferous tubules contain?

A

-Spermatogonia, spermatocytes at different stages of development
-spermatids, spermatozoa and nurse cells (sertoli cells)

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44
Q

Nurse cells that provide nourishment to developing spermatozoa

A

Sertoli cells

45
Q

What are the anatomical parts of a spermatozoan?

A

Head, neck, middle piece, tail

46
Q

Flattened elliptical structure, contains nucleus with densely packed chromosomes, acrosome at the tip of the head which contains enzymes essential for fertilization

A

The head of a spermatozoan

47
Q

Attaches head to the middle piece

A

Neck of a spermatozoan

48
Q

Contain mitochondria that provide ATP required to power its movement

A

Middle piece of a spermatozoan

49
Q

Helps in the mobility using a whiplike movement

A

Tail

50
Q

Why is a mature sperm small in size and mass?

A

They lack other organelles

51
Q

What does oogenesis produce?

A

One mature, haploid ovum (egg)

52
Q

A large cell containing most of the cytoplasm of the parent cell

A

Ovum (egg)

53
Q

Other products of oogenesis that are nonfunctional cells

A

Polar bodies

54
Q

How do polar bodies form?

A

They form due to unequal cytoplasmic divisions concentrating nutrients and other molecules required for development in the egg

55
Q

Where are oocytes rested in meiosis until ovulation and puberty?

A

Prophase 1

56
Q

Where do oocytes advance to in mitosis at ovulation?

A

Metaphase 2

57
Q

When do oocytes complete meiosis?

A

Fertilization

58
Q

What are the 3 features of the egg?

A

Stoned nutrients, egg coats and mechanisms that prevent the egg from being fertilized by more than one sperm

59
Q

Contains few nutrients, microscopic because embryo compel eyes development in mothers uterus and mothers body provides all the nutrients required for development

A

Mammal eggs

60
Q

What is the role of egg coats?

A

To protect the egg from injury and infection, in some species, protect the embryo after fertilization

61
Q

Gel like matrix of proteins, glycoproteins, or polysaccharides immediately outside the plasma membrane of the egg cell

A

Vitelline cell

62
Q

Zone pellucida

A

Vitelline coat in mammals

63
Q

Additional outer protein coats that form a hard, water impermeable layer for preventing desiccation

A

Egg coats of insect eggs

64
Q

Have an outer egg jelly layer instead of a tough protein coat

A

Egg coats in amphibians and some echinoderms

65
Q

In birds, reptiles and monotremes, the egg white and a surrounding shell

A

Are added in the oviduct

66
Q

In mammals, what is the egg surrounded by?

A

Follicle cells

67
Q

Cells that grow from ovarian tissue and nourish the developing egg - make up a part of the zone pellucida in ovary and remain as a protective layer after egg released

A

Follicle cells

68
Q

How are gametes delivered from the gonads to the site of fertilization?

A

Ducts, oviducts and sperm ducts

69
Q

How do eggs (nonmotile) move through oviducts?

A

The beating of cilia lining the oviducts or by contractions of the oviducts or body wall

70
Q

What are the two modes of sexual fertilization?

A

External and internal

71
Q

Where does external fertilization occur?

A

In most aquatic invertebrates, bony fishes and amphibians

72
Q

What happens in external fertilization?

A

Males and females synchronize the release of large quantities of eggs and sperm into the surrounding water

Sperm swim until they collide with the egg of the same species

73
Q

Where does internal fertilization take place?

A

In reptiles, birds, mammals, annelids, and some arthropods, mollusks and fishes

74
Q

What happens in internal fertilization?

A

Sperms are released close to or inside the entrance of the female’s reproductive tract

Internal fertilization provides the aquatic medium required for fertilization inside the female’s body

Sperm swim through fluids in reproductive tract until reach and fertilize each egg - some molecules released by egg attract sperm to its outer coat

75
Q

Reflex response in which the male claps the female tightly around the body with his forelimbs

A

Amplexus

76
Q

What does amplexus stimulate?

A

The female to shed a mass of eggs into the water through the cloaca

77
Q

The cavity in reptiles, birds, amphibians and many fishes into which the both the intestinal and genital tracts empty

A

Cloaca

78
Q

Introduction of the mate’s accessory sex organ into the female’s accessory sex organ to accomplish internal fertilization

A

Copulation

79
Q

What binds the sperm to the vitelline coat?

A

Receptor proteins in the sperm plasma membrane do the binding when a sperm touches the outer surface of the egg

80
Q

Where is species recognition important?

A

In animals that carry out external fertilization

81
Q

What is triggered by the attachment of sperm to egg?

A

Acrosomal reaction

82
Q

Enzymes in the acrosome are released from the sperm and digest a path through the egg coats

A

Acrosomal reaction

83
Q

When does the sperm stop following/ digesting the path through the egg coat?

A

Until its plasma membrane tones and fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg

84
Q

Introduces the sperm nucleus into the egg cytoplasm- activates egg to
Complete meiosis and begin development

A

Fusion

85
Q

Fusion of egg and sperm opens ion channels in egg plasma membrane - electrical depolarization over egg surface

A

Fast block to polyspermy

86
Q

How does depolarization after the egg plasma membrane potential?

A

Negative to positive - makes it so it can’t fuse with any additional sperm

87
Q

Fusion of egg and sperm triggers release of Ca 2+ ions

A

Slow block to polyspermy

88
Q

Where are Ions released from in slow block to polyspermy?

A

Eggs Er into cytosol

89
Q

Activate control proteins and enzymes that initiate intense metabolic activity

A

Ca 2+ ions

90
Q

What reaction do Ca 2 + ions trigger?

A

Cortical reaction

91
Q

Cortical granules under the egg’s plasma membrane release their contents by exocytosis

A

Cortical reaction

92
Q

What do enzymes released from cortical granules do?

A

Alter the egg coats so that no further sperm can penetrate to the egg surface

93
Q

What moves fuses fun sperm and egg nuclei together?

A

Microtubules

94
Q

Where do sperm and egg nuclei fuse?

A

Egg cytoplasm

95
Q

What initiates events of embryonic development?

A

When chromosomes of the egg and sperm nuclei assemble together and enter the mitosis

96
Q

Lay eggs - development outside mother’s body

A

Oviparous

97
Q

Embryo retained within mothers uterus - nourished during at least early development

A

Viviparous

98
Q

Animals retain fertilized eggs within body, embryo develops in egg (no uterus) and eggs hatch inside mother then released

A

Ovoviviparous

99
Q

In which organisms does oviparous reproduction occur?

A

Insects, spiders, and most reptiles and birds

100
Q

Mammal exception: monotreme ant eaters and platypus

A

Oviparous exception

101
Q

Ovoviviparous examples

A

Fishes, birds, lizards, amphibians and snakes

102
Q

Viviparous examples

A

Mammals

103
Q

Have a placenta that connects embryo to uterus - facilitates transfer of nutrients from mothers blood to embryo and wastes from embryo to mother

A

Eutharians/ placental mammals

104
Q

Provide nutrients to embryo during early development via an attached membranous sac containing yolk

A

Marsupials

105
Q

Abdominal pouch in which the embryo born at early stage crawls into to attach to a nipple and continue development

A

Marsupium

106
Q

BOTH mature egg and sperm producing tissues are present in the same individual

A

Hermaphroditism

107
Q

T/F: most hermaphroditic animals fertilize themselves - explain

A

F, self fertilization is prevented by anatomical barriers or by producing mature eggs and sperm at different times

108
Q

Develop functional ovaries and testes at the same time

A

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

109
Q

Change from one sex to the other

A

Sequential hermaphrodites

Biology 2112 (15 decks)

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