chapter 45 ~immue system Flashcards
A constellation of disorders that follows infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
The process of administrating a weakened form of a disease to patients as a means of giving them immunity to a more serious form of the disease
Vaccination
The body’s organ system for defense against pathogens or abnormal cells.
Immune system
Nonspecific defenses against pathogens that include anatomical barriers, inflammation, and the complement system. The system blocks, inhibits, or kills many pathogens, but retains no memory of the encounters. The innate system is found in all animals. It is one of two components of the immune system in vertebrates.
Innate immune system
The mechanisms that target foreign molecules in a specific way to remove them from the body. The adaptive immune system is one of two components of the immune system in vertebrates. It is not found in invertebrates.
Adaptive immune system
The defensive reactions of the immune system.
Immune response
The initial response by the body to eliminate cellular pathogens and prevent infections that involves mechanisms of the innate immune system. Innate immunity is always ready to combat pathogens, mounting an immediate, nonspecific response against any invading pathogen but having no memory of prior exposure to the pathogen.
Innate Immunity
In innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides that protect the epithelial surfaces against invading pathogens.
Defensins
A type of phagocytic leukocyte (white blood cell) that engulfs pathogens and tissue debris in damaged tissues.
Neutrophils
A white blood cell. Together, the various types of leukocytes eliminate dead and dying cells from the body, remove cellular debris, and participate in defending the body against invading organisms.
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
A white blood cell (leukocyte) that engulfs bacteria or other cellular debris by the process of phagocytes.
Phagocytes
Process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down.
Phagocytosis
A pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity that is found on the cell surface and within the cell on various membrane bound compartments. Each type of toll-like receptor recognizes a different, specific set of molecular patterns on pathogens.
Toll-like receptors
See PAMPs.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
The heat, pain, redness, and swelling that occur at the site of an infection.
Inflammation
Inflammation that occurs at the site of an infection.
Local inflammation
A type of phagocytic leukocyte (white blood cell) that engulfs infected cells, pathogens, and cellular debris in damaged tissues, and helps activate lymphocytes carrying out an immune response.
Macrophages
A molecule secreted by one cell type that binds to receptors on other cells and, through signal transduction pathways, triggers a response. In innate immunity, cytokines are secreted by activated macrophages.
Cytokines
A type of cell dispersed through connective tissue that releases histamine when activated by the death of cells, caused by a pathogen at an infection site.
Mast cells
An inflammatory signaling molecule.
Histamine
A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that enters damaged tissue from the bloodstream through the endothelial wall of the blood vessel and then differentiates into a macrophage.
Monocytes
A protein secreted by activated macrophages that attracts other cells, such as neutrophils.
Chemokines
A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that secretes substances that help kill eukaryotic parasites such as worms.
Eosinophils
Inflammation that occurs throughout the body.
Systemic inflammation
A condition characterized by a rise in body temperature above the normal range.
Fever
Chemicals released by macrophages in response to infection that stimulate prostaglandins release from the hypothalamus thereby leading to an increase in body temperature (fever)
Pyrogens
A nonspecific defense mechanism activated by invading pathogens, made up of more than 30 interacting soluble plasma proteins circulating in the blood and interstitial fluid.
Complement system
An abnormal activation of the complement (protein) portion of the blood, forming a cascade reaction that brings blood proteins together, binds them to the cell wall, and then inserts them through the cell membrane.
Membrane attack complexes
A cytokine produced by infected host cells affected by viral dsRNA, which act both on the infected cell that produces it, an autocrine effect, and on neighboring uninfected cells, a paracrine effect.
Interferons
A type of lymphocyte that destroys virus-infected cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells
A leukocyte (white blood cell) that carriers out most of its activities in tissues and organs of the lymphatic system. The main subtypes of lymphocytes play major roles in innate and adaptive immunity.
Lymphocyte
A protein secreted by natural killer cells of the immune system that creates pores in a virus-infected cell’s membrane.
Perforin
A type of programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
A vertebrate-only defense mechanism that is activated to recognize specific molecules (free, or on the surface of pathogens or foreign cells) as foreign and to mount an attack that neutralizes them or eliminates them directly from the body.
Adaptive immunity
See adaptive (acquired) immunity.
Acquired immunity