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Biology 2112 > chapter 48 ~ urinary system > Flashcards

chapter 48 ~ urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

The regulation of water and ion balance.

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

The process by which the fluid containing waste materials —urine— is released from the body into the environment from the distal end of an excretory tubule.

A

Excretion

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3
Q

The total solute concentration of a solution, measured in is moles— the number of the solute molecules and ions (in moles) — per liter of solution.

A

Osmolarity

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4
Q

The control of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

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5
Q

An animal that uses control mechanisms to keep the osmolarity of cellular and extracellular fluids the same, but at levels may differ from the osmolarity of the surroundings.

A

Osmoregulators

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6
Q

A layer of cells with specialized transport proteins in their plasma membranes.

A

Transport epithelium

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7
Q

An animal in which the osmolarity of the cellular and extracellular solutions matches the osmolarity of the environment.

A

Osmoconformers

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8
Q

Minute tubular structures that carry out osmoregulation and excretion.

A

Excretory tubules

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9
Q

The outer region of the mammalian kidney that surrounds the renal medulla.

A

Renal cortex

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10
Q

The main organ of excretion and osmoregulation in insects, helping them to maintain water and electrolyte balance.

A

Malphighian tubule

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11
Q

The inner region of the mammalian kidney.

A

Renal medulla

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12
Q

The simplest form of invertebrate excretory tubule.

A

Protonephridium

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13
Q

A specialized excretory tubule that contributes to osmoregulation and carries out excretion, found in all vertebrates.

A

Nephrons

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14
Q

An artery that carries bodily fluids into the kidney.

A

Renal artery

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15
Q

A storage sac located outside the kidneys.

A

Urinary bladder

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16
Q

The vein that routes filtered blood away from the kidney.

A

Renal vein

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17
Q

The central cavity in the kidney where urine drains from collecting ducts.

A

Renal pelvis

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18
Q

The tube through which urine flows from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

A

Ureter

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19
Q

In mammals, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

A

Urinary system

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20
Q

A location where urine leaving individual nephrons is processed further.

A

Collecting ducts

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21
Q

The tube through which urine leaves the bladder. In most animals, the urethra opens to the outside.

A

Urethra

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22
Q

A ball of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the human nephron.

A

Glomerulus

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23
Q

The tubule between the Bowman’s capsule and the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney, which carries and processes the filtrate.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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24
Q

The process by which plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule as blood flows through the glomerulus; it is the first step of urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration

25
Q

An infolded region at the proximal end of a nephron that cups around the glomerulus and collects the water and solutes filtered out of the blood.

A

Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

The vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus of the kidney.

A

Afferent arterioles

27
Q

The tubule in the human nephron that drains urine into a collecting duct that leads to the renal pelvis.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

A u-shaped bend of the proximal convoluted tubule.

A

Loop of henle

29
Q

A capillary of the network surrounding the glomerulus.

A

Peritubular capillaries

30
Q

The arteriole that receives blood from the glomerulus.

A

Efferent arteriole

31
Q

A structure in the kidney near a point where the distal convoluted tubule contracts the afferent arteriole carrying blood to the glomerulus; specialized tubule cells in the _________ monitor the salt level of the fluid flowing past them in the tubule.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

32
Q

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

33
Q

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the molecule produced by cleavage of the plasma protein angiotensinogen.

A

Angiotensin I

34
Q

An enzyme secreted by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus into the bloodstream that converts a blood protein into the peptide hormone angiotensin.

A

Renin

35
Q

The most important hormonal system involved in regulation of NA+ in mammals.

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

36
Q

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the molecule converted from angiotensin I by angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE); angiotensin II is a hormone that constricts arterioles to raise blood pressure, stimulates synthesis of aldosterone and its secretion from the adrenal cortex, and stimulates thirst.

A

Angiotensin II

37
Q

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases water absorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing the volume of the blood.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

38
Q

A mineralocorticoid hormone released from the adrenal cortex increases the amount NA+ reabsorbed from the urine in the kidneys and absorbed from foods in the intestine, reduces the amount of NA+ secreted by salivary and sweat glands, and increases the rate of K+ excretion by the kidneys, keeping NA+ and K+ balanced at the levels required for normal cellular function.

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

The flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact.

A

Conduction

40
Q

A sensory neuron in the hypothalamus that responds to changes in the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding it, which reflects the osmolarity generally of the body fluids.

A

Osmoreceptor

41
Q

A peptide hormone that inhibits renin release and increases the filtration rate by dilating the arterioles that deliver blood to glomeruli and by inhibiting aldosterone release.

A

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

42
Q

The transfer of heat energy as electromagnetic radiation.

A

Radiation

43
Q

The transfer of heat from a body to a fluid, such as air or water, that passes over its surface.

A

Convection

44
Q

An animal that obtains its body heat primarily from the external environment.

A

Ectotherms

45
Q

Heat transfer through the energy required to change a liquid to a gas.

A

Evaporation

46
Q

An animal that obtains most of its body heat from internal physiological sources.

A

Endotherms

47
Q

A set of physiological changes in ectoderm’s in response to seasonal shifts in environmental temperature, allowing the animals to attain good physiological performances at both winter and summer temperatures.

A

Thermal acclimatization

48
Q

The temperature within the central core of the body consisting of the abdominal and thoracic organs, the CNS, and the skeletal muscle.

A

Core temperature

49
Q

The generation of heat by oxidative mechanisms in non muscle tissue throughout the body.

A

Non shivering thermogenesis

50
Q

A specialized tissue in which the most intense heat generation by non shivering thermogenesis takes place.

A

Brown fat

51
Q

A specialized tissue in which the most intense heat generation by non shivering thermogenesis takes place.

A

Brown adipose tissue

52
Q

A condition in which the core temperature falls below normal for a prolonged period

A

Hypothermia

53
Q

Seasonal torpor in an animal that occurs in summer.

A

Estivation

54
Q

The innermost layer of the skin that contains larger blood vessels and additional reinforcing connective tissue.

A

Hypodermis

55
Q

Extended torpor during winter.

A

Hibernation

56
Q

The condition resulting when the heat gain of the body is too great to be counteracted by physiological responses.

A

Hyperthermia

57
Q

The skin layer below the epidermis; it is packed with connective tissue fibers such as collagen, which resist compression, tearing, or puncture of the skin.

A

Dermis

58
Q

A sleep like state produced when a lowered set point greatly reduces the energy required to maintain body temperature, accompanied by reductions in metabolic, nervous, and physical activity.

A

Torpor

59
Q

A period of inactivity and lowered metabolic rate that allows an endotherm to conserve energy when environmental temperatures are low.

A

Daily torpor

Biology 2112 (15 decks)

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