chapter 44 ~ circulatory system

Question 1

An organ system consisting of a fluid, a heart, and vessels for moving important molecules, and often cells, from one tissue to another.

Answer 1

Circulatory system

Question 2

An accessory system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of the blood and surrounding tissues and participates in the body’s defenses against invading disease organisms.

Answer 2

Lymphatic system

Question 3

A saclike body cavity with a single opening, a mouth, which serves both digestive and circulatory functions.

Answer 3

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 4

In a plant, a vascular bundle that forms part of the branching network conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other expanded plant organ. In an animal, a vessel that carries the blood back to the heart.

Answer 4

Veins

Question 5

A vessel that conducts blood away from the heart at relatively high pressure.

Answer 5

Arteries

Question 6

An arrangement of the circulatory system in some invertebrates in which, when the heart contracts, arteries leaving the heart release a blood like fluid, hemolymph, directly into body spaces called sinuses that surround organs.

Answer 6

Open circulatory system

Question 7

The circulatory fluid of invertebrates with open circulatory systems, including mollusk and arthropods.

Answer 7

Hemolymph

Question 8

A body space that surrounds an organ.

Answer 8

Sinuses

Question 9

A circulatory system in which the fluid, blood, is confined in blood vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

Answer 9

Closed circulatory system

Question 10

The smallest diameter blood vessel, with a wall that is one cell thick, which forms highly branched networks well adapted for diffusion of substances.

Answer 10

Capillaries

Question 11

A body cavity or chamber surrounding the perforated pharynx of invertebrates chordates; also, one of the chambers that receive blood returning to the heart.

Answer 11

Atria

Question 12

In the brain, an irregularly shaped cavity containing cerebrospinal fluid. In the heart, a chamber that pumps blood out of the heart.

Answer 12

Ventricles

Question 13

A thin partition or cross wall that separates body segments.

Answer 13

Septum

Question 14

In amphibians, the branch of a double blood circuit that receives deoxygenated blood and moves it to the skin and lungs or gills.

Answer 14

Pulmocutaneous circuit

Question 15

The branch of a double blood circuit that receives oxygenated blood and provides the blood supply for most of the tissues and cells of a body.

Answer 15

Systemic circuit

Question 16

The circuit of the cardiovascular system that supplies the lungs.

Answer 16

Pulmonary circuit

Question 17

The cellular portion of the total blood volume.

Answer 17

Hematocrit

Question 18

The most abundant protein in blood plasma, important for osmotic balance and PH buffering; also, the portion of an egg that serves as the main source of nutrients and water for the embryo.

Answer 18

Albumins

Question 19

The clear, yellowish fluid portion of the blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma consists of water, glucose and other sugars, amino acids, plasma proteins, dissolved gases, ions, lipids, vitamins, hormones and other signal molecules, and metabolic wastes.

Answer 19

Plasma

Question 20

A plasma protein that transports lipids (including cholesterol) and fat-soluble vitamins; a specialized subgroup of globulins, the immunoglobulins, constitute antibodies and other molecules contributing to the immune response.

Answer 20

Globulins

Question 21

A white blood cell. Together, the various types of leukocytes eliminate dead and dying cells from the body, remove cellular debris, and participate in defending the body against invading organisms.

Answer 21

Leukocytes

Question 22

A hormone that stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production.

Answer 22

Erythropoietin

Question 23

A plasma protein that plays a central role in the blood-clotting mechanism.

Answer 23

Fibrinogen

Question 24

A red blood cell, which contains hemoglobin, a protein that transports O2 in blood.

Answer 24

Erythrocytes

Question 25

A protein necessary for blood clotting; forms a weblike mesh that traps platelets and red blood cells and holds a clot together.

Answer 25

Fibrin

Question 26

The arteries from the right ventricle of the heart that lead to the lungs.

Answer 26

Pulmonary arteries

Question 27

An oval or rounded cell fragment enclosed in its own plasma membrane, which is found in the blood; they are produced in red bone marrow by the division of stem cells and contain enzymes and other factors that take part in blood clotting.

Answer 27

Platelets

Question 28

The valve between each atrium and ventricle in the heart.

Answer 28

Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

Question 29

The veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.

Answer 29

Pulmonary veins

Question 30

The period of contraction and emptying of the heart.

Answer 30

Systole

Question 31

A large artery from the heart that branches into arteries leading to all body regions except the lungs.

Answer 31

Aorta

Question 32

The arteries from the aorta that branch extensively over the heart, supplying blood to the cardiac muscle cells.

Answer 32

Coronary arteries

Question 33

A heart that beats under the control of signals from the nervous system.

Answer 33

Neurogenic hearts

Question 34

The period of relaxation and filling of the heart between contractions.

Answer 34

Diastole

Question 35

The systole-diastole sequence of the heart.

Answer 35

Cardiac cycle

Question 36

A collection of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the upper right atrium of the heart near the entry point for blood from the systemic circuit that controls the rate and timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction. Also called the pacemaker.

Answer 36

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 37

A heart that maintains its contraction rhythm with no requirement for signals from the nervous system.

Answer 37

Myogenic hearts

Question 38

A region of the heart wall that receives signals from the sinoatrial node and conducts them to the ventricle.

Answer 38

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 39

The measurement of the hydrostatic pressure on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body.

Answer 39

Blood pressure

Question 40

Commonly called high blood pressure, a medical condition in which blood pressure is chronically elevated above normal values.

Answer 40

Hypertension

Question 41

Fibers that carry an electrical signal from the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the bottom of the heart

Answer 41

Purkinje fibers

Question 42

Graphic representation of the electrical activity within the heart, detected by electrodes placed on the body.

Answer 42

Electrocardiogram

Question 43

A branch from a small artery at the point where it reaches the organ it supplies.

Answer 43

Arterioles

Question 44

A capillary that merges into the small veins leaving an organ.

Answer 44

Venules

Question 45

A specialized type of simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the entire circulatory system.

Answer 45

Endothelium

Question 46

A medical condition that results when sitting for a long period of time causes blood to pool in the veins of the body below the heart and then clot, particularly in the legs.

Answer 46

Deep vein thrombosis

Question 47

A loss of critical brain functions because of the death of nerve cells in the brain.

Answer 47

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

Question 48

The interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic system

Answer 48

Lymph

Question 49

One of many small, bean-shaped organs spaced along the lymph vessels that contain macrophages and other leukocytes that attack invading disease organisms.

Answer 49

Lymph nodes