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Biology 2112 > chapter 38 ~ tissues, systems, feedback systems > Flashcards

chapter 38 ~ tissues, systems, feedback systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A group of cells with a similar structure and specialized function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Integrates two or more different tissues into a structure that performs a particular function

A

Organ

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3
Q

Collection of organs with a related function

A

Organ system

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4
Q

Attain cells to each other
found in skin, heart, muscle

A

Anchoring junctions

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5
Q

Adjacent cells fuse
bladder

A

Tight junctions

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6
Q

Direct channels
Allows tissues, ions, molecules to flow rapidly

A

Gap junctions

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7
Q

Structure: sheetlike layers of cells (5 types)
Function: PSA protection secretion absorption
Location: surfaces of internal organs, line cavities and ducts
Exocrine- duct Endocrine- ductless, releases hormones

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Layer of flattened cells
Locations: blood vessel inner lining (called endothelium); air sacs of lungs
Function: diffusion

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Several layers of flattened cells
Locations: skin and other surfaces subject to abrasion, such as mouth, esophagus, and vagina
Function: protection against abrasion; typically not involved in secretion or absorption

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

Layer of cubelike cells; free surface may have microvilli
Locations: glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
Function: secretion, absorption

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

Layer of tall, slender cells with nuclei near base; free surface may have microvilli or cilia; may contain secretory vesicles
Locations: lining of gut, services canal, and gallbladder
Function: secretion, absorptions, such as secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients in the gut, protection; secreting mucus

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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12
Q

Single layer of columnar cells of differing heights; some cells do not reach the apical surface due to the cell organization, the nuclei are staggered, giving the epithelium the false appearance of stratification. May be ciliated
Locations: nasal cavities, trachea, and upper digestive tract; some parts of male reproductive system
Function: protection, secretes mucus and moves it across surface

A

Simple pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Function: structural support

A

Connective tissue

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14
Q

Six types of connective tissues

A

Loose connective
Dense connective
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose

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15
Q

Fibroblasts make….

A

Collagen - strong and tensile - tendons and ligaments
Reticular fibers- thin collagen fibers forming network
Elastic fibers- rubbery protein, adds stretch

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16
Q

Structure: fibroblasts open network with collagen, contain elastin forming glycoprotein matrix
Function: structural support
Locations: under the skin, organs, blood vessel, covering, nerves

A

Loose connective tissue

17
Q

Structure: fibroblasts with dense network collagen
Function: structural support- resist stretch and provide strength
Location: digestive tract, tendons and ligaments

A

Dense connective tissue

18
Q

Structure: chondrocytes surround networks of collagen
Function: support and flexibility
Location: end of long bones, ears, nose

A

Cartilage tissue

19
Q

Structure: osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Function: structural support- build or break for support
Location: in the bone
Osteoblast- secrete collagen and minerals into bone
Osteoclast- remove minerals and recycle into bloodstream

A

Bone tissue

20
Q

Structure: adipocytes
Function: fat storage cells
Location: under skin, around heart

A

Adipose tissue

21
Q

Structure: cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Function: transport and contraction
Location: circulatory system

A

Blood tissue

22
Q

Structure: actin and myosin proteins arranged in patterns dependent on their function
Function: produce movement in the body
3 types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

A

Muscle tissue

23
Q

Structure: multi nucleated and striated. Unidirectional parallel bundles
Function: voluntary movement, generations of heat, maintaining posture and joint location
Location: large muscles connected to bones by tendons

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

24
Q

Structure: striated and branched. Contain intercalated discs with gap junctions
Function: provide constant, synchronized contractions of heart muscle for blood flow
Location: the heart

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

25
Q

Structure: loose network of spindle shaped cells
Function: provide involuntary movements of internal organs
Location: walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, hair follicles

A

Smooth muscle tissue

26
Q

Structure: Consists of polarized neurons and glial cells
Function: communication and control of body parts
Location: practically everywhere

A

Nervous tissue

27
Q

Dendrites: receive axonal signals
Axons: transmit signals to other neurons
Cell body: contains nucleus and other organelles

A

Neurons

28
Q

Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a relatively stable state
Maintain by organ systems that coordinate together

A

Homeostasis

29
Q

Match their internal environment to the exterior

A

Conformers

30
Q

Maintain a constant internal environment regardless of exterior

A

Conformers

31
Q

Maintain a constant internal environment regardless of exterior

A

Regulators

32
Q

Operate only within the target organ
Example is dilation of blood vessels in active muscle

A

Local controls

33
Q

Are initiated outside of the target organ
Example is the endocrine system

A

Systemic controls

34
Q

Most common homeostatic control function, acts to reduce change

Stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector, compensatory response, environmental condition returned to set point

A

Negative feedback

35
Q

A change results in signals that intensify change in same direction
Ex: in childbirth, contractions trigger stretch sensors that sent signals to hypothalamus to release oxytocin to further increase contractions
Do not result in homeostasis, it is not as common as negative feedback

A

Positive feedback

36
Q

When a set point changes naturally because of an alteration in environmental conditions

A

Acclimatization

37
Q

When a set point changes artificially in a laboratory setting

A

acclimation

Biology 2112 (15 decks)

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