chapter 40 ~ nervous system Flashcards
Detection and response to environmental cues or stimuli are primarily functions of…
The nervous system
Radially symmetrical animals have loose meshes of neurons that are called…
Nerve nets
In animals, the evolutionary development of canalization is most associated with…
Bilateral symmetry
In vertebrates, such as flatworms, groups of neurons called ____ perform common functions
Ganglia
Identify the animal with the most advanced cephalization
A chordate
Which animal has the least advanced nerve cord?
Flatworm
Which animal has the simplest known central nervous system?
A flatworm
In animals, with a brain, the two major divisions of the nervous system are the…
Central and peripheral nervous system
Identify the developmental brain region that gives rise to the shaded region in this image
Hindbrain
Which region(s) of the brain, present in a 5 week old embryo, is/are derived from the forebrain?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
Which region(s) of the brain, present in a 5 week old embryo, is/are derived from the midbrain?
Mesencephalon only
Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the metencephalon?
Cerebellum and pons
What regions of the 5 week embryo gives rise to the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
Sensory information is transmitted to the CNS by the….
Afferent neurons of the PNS
Where are all the cell bodies of most motor neurons located?
In the spinal cord
The portion of the nervous system that is responsible for both increasing heart rate and increasing movement of the intestines is the…
Sympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system pathways contain….
Two neurons
When you encounter a bear while hiking, which part of your nervous system triggers an increase in your heart rate and breathing to help you run away?
The sympathetic nervous system
Which statement concerning the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system is true?
The sympathetic system generally produces increased physical activity, while the parasympathetic system produces a decrease physical activity
In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) consists of the _____.
Brain and spinal cord
If the protective coverings of the brain were damaged, the ______ would be damaged.
Meninges
Which structure of the brain contains the cerebral spinal fluid?
Ventricles
Which substance can easily cross the human blood brain barrier in a healthy individual?
Cortisol
To form the blood brain barrier, capillary epithelial cells are sealed together by….
Tight junctions
If the blood brain barrier prevents toxic substances from getting into the central nervous system, how does alcohol most likely impair a persons judgement?
Because it is hydrophobic, alcohol can pass directly across the blood brain barrier and cause impaired judgement by binding directly to neurons in the cortex
Patients with parkinson’s disease are treated with L-DOPA , a hydrophobic precursor to dopamine, a hydrophilic neurotransmitter that is depleted in these patients. What is the most probable reason why these patients are given the precursor L-DOPA instead of dopamine?
Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier
Gray matter is located in the ____of the cerebrum
Outer region
Arrange the steps of one of the two reflex pathway in the correct order
Stimulus, receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, muscle inhibition
A young woman develops a tumor in her pituitary gland. Which symptoms might the doctor use to diagnose this tumor?
Inability to regulate temperature
You’re finger touches a hot pot on the stove. Information is carried via _______ neurons to the _______, where it connects to the ______, which signal to your hand.
Afferent, spinal cord, efferent
A lesion in which brain center is most likely to lead to a coma or even death?
Brain stem
Which function is most likely controlled primarily by the gray matter centers in the brain stem?
Vomiting
Brain tumors in children are very common in the cerebellum. Which symptoms might lead a doctor to suspect this type of tumor?
Difficulty walking
Which brain region is most likely to contribute to the establishment of motor memory, the ability to perform complex motor skills?
Cerebellum
Chronic alcoholics often develop wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by a number of different neurological symptoms, including ataxia (an abnormal gait). Which specific brain region is most likely responsible for this symptom?
Cerebellum
One of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which statement could be used to describe your friend?
Her right hemisphere is well developed for musical ability
The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for __________.
Vision
Destruction of the motor areas in the right cerebral cortex results in the loss of…
Voluntary movement on the left side of the body
Bob is recovering from a brain injury. He is unable to speak, but he clearly understands both the written and spoken word. The area of damage that resulted in these symptoms is…
Broca’s area of the frontal lobe
The temporal lobe is associated with…
Memory
Areas of the body such as the lips or fingers are represented by______ regions of the somatosensory cortex; the arms and legs are represented by relatively _______ regions of the somatosensory cortex.
Large; small
If light were prevented from reaching the right side of both retinas, What would occur?
The left half of the visual field would be lost
During a fight, a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head. As a result, the boxer was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?
Wernicke’s area
A person suffers a stroke due to a blood clot that reduces blood flow in the brain. She is unable to speak, but is able to read and understand text. Which scenario best explains the damage caused by the stroke?
The reduced blood flow damaged Broca’s area of the temporal lobe
In an experiment, the development of the parietal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure
The rat was unable to detect touch
In an experiment, the development of the occipital lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure
The rat was not able to process visual input
In this experiment, the development of the frontal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure
The rat was unable to move
A patient has a stroke that leaves him unable to hear. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?
Temporal lobe
Amnesia is common after surgery due to the drugs used to anesthetize the patient. Which brain region is most affected by these drugs to cause this symptom?
Limbic association cortex
A patient has a stroke that leaves him without any impulse control. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?
Prefrontal association cortex
A PET scan be used to monitor _______ when a person is performing specific _______ tasks.
Brain activity, mental
Diffuser tensor imaging DTI is a type of
MRI
Regine Verma and colleagues wanted to know if there was a sex difference in the human connectome. Which age group(s) had a detectable a sex difference using DTI?
All ages examined
In examining sex differences in the brains of male and female humans, researchers found males had _____ connections between the two hemispheres of the cortex and ______ connections between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum than females.
Weaker, stronger
In humans, the amputation of a limb results in the loss of neurons in me brain due to the absence of its target cells. However, not all of mess neurons are lost - some of them become re-routed, and can establish connections with other neurons. What is this process called?
Plasticity
Which phenomenon describes the unequal distribution of functions between the right and left hemispheres?
Lateralization
In experiments to determine the function of the cerebral hemispheres, all the patients in the study had ___, which was necessary to be able to parse out the lateralization of the cortex
Severed corpus callosum
Memories are associated with whim brain regions?
Limbic association cortex
Memory is…
The storage and retrieval of sensory or motor experience
Similarities all the neural circuit level between humans and _______ are easy to detect and therefore are used in evolutionary studies examining the requirements for neural circuits
Rodents
Which molecule represents one of the best examples of a commonly shared signaling pathway connected to memory in invertebrates and vertebrates?
Cycle AMP
If an action potential persists for one minute or longer, an increase in the strength of synaptic connections develops. Which term describes the resulting establishment of memory between two neurons?
Long term potentiation
Eric Kandel, who retrieved a noble prize for his discoveries in signal transduction pathways involved in memory, performed experiments on….
Pacific sea hares
During conscious quiet rest, the brain is emitting ______.
Alpha waves
Bob dreamt he was biking for five hours. The actual time he was in _______ sleep was probably about ____minutes.
REM; 10-15
Your alarm clock goes pff once again, and it is 7 am. Which neural event sends the signal to your cortex for you to know to hit the snooze button?
The reticular activating system sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex
Which brain waves are emitted while dreaming?
Beta waves
During a nap, the brain is emitting…
Theta waves
During deep sleep, the brain is emitting…
Delta waves
Cerebellum
H
Hemisphere of cerebrum
A
Hypothalamus
B
Medulla oblongata
F
Midbrain
D
Pons
E
Spinal cord
G
Thalamus
C
Is comprised of a two neuron series with the presynaptic neuron in the CNS and the postsynaptic neuron in a ganglion
Autonomic nervous system
Predominates during quiet, low stress situations
Parasympathetic nervous system
Predominates in situations involving stress, danger, excitement or strenuous physical activity
Sympathetic nervous system
Is comprised of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Innervates the digestive tract
Enteric nervous system
Carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
Peripheral nervous system
Efferent portion of the PNS dealing with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
Compare the invertebrate nervous system to that of vertebrates.
Invertebrate nervous systems are relatively simple, typically containing fewer neurons, arranged in less complex networks, than vertebrate systems. Radially symmetrical invertebrates, such as cnidarians and echinoderms, have loose meshes of neurons called nerve nets. In cnidarians, these neurons do not have clearly differentiated dendrites and axons. Although invertebrates with nerve nets do not have brains, often the neurons may be more concentrated in some regions. More complex invertebrates, such as flatworms, arthropods, and mollusks, have neurons with clearly defined axons and dendrites and more specialized functions. In addition, some neurons are concentrated into a functional cluster called a ganglion. Cephalization is the formation of a distinct head region containing ganglia that form a brain. Central and peripheral nervous systems are also present. In vertebrates, the CNS consists of a large brain located in the head and a hollow spinal cord, and the PNS consists of all nerves and ganglia that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The head contains specialized sensory organs that are connected directly to the brain by nerves
Define and explain the importance of the blood brain barrier
The blood brain barrier is a structural system of tight cellular junctions. Many substances are prevented from passing from the blood to the neurons because of these cellular functions. This provides protection from the microorganisms and toxins
Explain why you move your hand from hot stimuli before you register pain
In a reflex, the afferent neurons carry’s the information about the hot surface to the spinal cord, where it makes a direct connection with the motor neuron that moves your hand away. The information that makes you aware of the hot surface is processed in your somatosensory cortex. Here, a connection between the spinal cord and an interneuron sends the information to the thalamus; therefore, at least one or two extra synapses are required for you to “know” that you’re hand is touching something hot than it takes for the reflex to move your hand away.
Define long term potentiation
Long-term potentiation is a series of events involved in the permanent alteration of neurons and neuron pathways to create long term memory. Long term potentiation is a long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections is activated neural pathways followed by brief periods of repeated stimulation. The synapses become increasingly sensitive over time, so that a constant level of presynaptic stimulation is converted into a larger postsynaptic output that can last hours, weeks, months, or years
What are the three sequential mechanisms involved with learning? Explain how amouse would learn to locate cheese in a maze as indicated by these steps
- Storing memories
- Scanning memories when a stimulus is encountered
- Modifying the response when a stimulus is encountered in accordance with the information stored as a memory
- The mouse first has to find the cheese in a maze.
- The second time he is put in the maze, he will remember where that cheese is, and therefore,
- He will head directly to where the cheese was the last time he was in the maze.
Cephalization is associated with bilateral symmetry
True
Reptiles have a smaller brain than amphibians of the same body size
False, larger
The cell body of the second neuron of the parasympathetic division is located outside of the CNS
True
The parasympathetic ganglia are arranged in an orderly chain along the spinal cord
False sympathetic
Gray matter is composed of axons with myelin sheaths
False, white
An individual with a damaged cerebellum with have problems with balance
True
Smell is an important stimulus in the activation of the Limbic system
True
Sensitization is a type of memory in which increased responsiveness to mild stimuli occurs after experiencing a strong stimulus
True
Alpha waves are associated with wakefulness
False - beta waves
The Limbic system is involved in sleep wake cycle
False reticular formation
