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Biology 2112 > chapter 40 ~ nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 40 ~ nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Detection and response to environmental cues or stimuli are primarily functions of…

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

Radially symmetrical animals have loose meshes of neurons that are called…

A

Nerve nets

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3
Q

In animals, the evolutionary development of canalization is most associated with…

A

Bilateral symmetry

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4
Q

In vertebrates, such as flatworms, groups of neurons called ____ perform common functions

A

Ganglia

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5
Q

Identify the animal with the most advanced cephalization

A

A chordate

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6
Q

Which animal has the least advanced nerve cord?

A

Flatworm

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7
Q

Which animal has the simplest known central nervous system?

A

A flatworm

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8
Q

In animals, with a brain, the two major divisions of the nervous system are the…

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

Identify the developmental brain region that gives rise to the shaded region in this image

A

Hindbrain

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10
Q

Which region(s) of the brain, present in a 5 week old embryo, is/are derived from the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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11
Q

Which region(s) of the brain, present in a 5 week old embryo, is/are derived from the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon only

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12
Q

Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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13
Q

Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum and pons

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14
Q

What regions of the 5 week embryo gives rise to the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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15
Q

Sensory information is transmitted to the CNS by the….

A

Afferent neurons of the PNS

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16
Q

Where are all the cell bodies of most motor neurons located?

A

In the spinal cord

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17
Q

The portion of the nervous system that is responsible for both increasing heart rate and increasing movement of the intestines is the…

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system pathways contain….

A

Two neurons

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19
Q

When you encounter a bear while hiking, which part of your nervous system triggers an increase in your heart rate and breathing to help you run away?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Which statement concerning the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system is true?

A

The sympathetic system generally produces increased physical activity, while the parasympathetic system produces a decrease physical activity

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21
Q

In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) consists of the _____.

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

If the protective coverings of the brain were damaged, the ______ would be damaged.

A

Meninges

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23
Q

Which structure of the brain contains the cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

Which substance can easily cross the human blood brain barrier in a healthy individual?

A

Cortisol

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25
Q

To form the blood brain barrier, capillary epithelial cells are sealed together by….

A

Tight junctions

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26
Q

If the blood brain barrier prevents toxic substances from getting into the central nervous system, how does alcohol most likely impair a persons judgement?

A

Because it is hydrophobic, alcohol can pass directly across the blood brain barrier and cause impaired judgement by binding directly to neurons in the cortex

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27
Q

Patients with parkinson’s disease are treated with L-DOPA , a hydrophobic precursor to dopamine, a hydrophilic neurotransmitter that is depleted in these patients. What is the most probable reason why these patients are given the precursor L-DOPA instead of dopamine?

A

Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier

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28
Q

Gray matter is located in the ____of the cerebrum

A

Outer region

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29
Q

Arrange the steps of one of the two reflex pathway in the correct order

A

Stimulus, receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, muscle inhibition

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30
Q

A young woman develops a tumor in her pituitary gland. Which symptoms might the doctor use to diagnose this tumor?

A

Inability to regulate temperature

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31
Q

You’re finger touches a hot pot on the stove. Information is carried via _______ neurons to the _______, where it connects to the ______, which signal to your hand.

A

Afferent, spinal cord, efferent

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32
Q

A lesion in which brain center is most likely to lead to a coma or even death?

A

Brain stem

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33
Q

Which function is most likely controlled primarily by the gray matter centers in the brain stem?

A

Vomiting

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34
Q

Brain tumors in children are very common in the cerebellum. Which symptoms might lead a doctor to suspect this type of tumor?

A

Difficulty walking

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35
Q

Which brain region is most likely to contribute to the establishment of motor memory, the ability to perform complex motor skills?

A

Cerebellum

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36
Q

Chronic alcoholics often develop wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by a number of different neurological symptoms, including ataxia (an abnormal gait). Which specific brain region is most likely responsible for this symptom?

A

Cerebellum

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37
Q

One of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which statement could be used to describe your friend?

A

Her right hemisphere is well developed for musical ability

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38
Q

The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for __________.

A

Vision

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39
Q

Destruction of the motor areas in the right cerebral cortex results in the loss of…

A

Voluntary movement on the left side of the body

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40
Q

Bob is recovering from a brain injury. He is unable to speak, but he clearly understands both the written and spoken word. The area of damage that resulted in these symptoms is…

A

Broca’s area of the frontal lobe

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41
Q

The temporal lobe is associated with…

A

Memory

42
Q

Areas of the body such as the lips or fingers are represented by______ regions of the somatosensory cortex; the arms and legs are represented by relatively _______ regions of the somatosensory cortex.

A

Large; small

43
Q

If light were prevented from reaching the right side of both retinas, What would occur?

A

The left half of the visual field would be lost

44
Q

During a fight, a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head. As a result, the boxer was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?

A

Wernicke’s area

45
Q

A person suffers a stroke due to a blood clot that reduces blood flow in the brain. She is unable to speak, but is able to read and understand text. Which scenario best explains the damage caused by the stroke?

A

The reduced blood flow damaged Broca’s area of the temporal lobe

46
Q

In an experiment, the development of the parietal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure

A

The rat was unable to detect touch

47
Q

In an experiment, the development of the occipital lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure

A

The rat was not able to process visual input

48
Q

In this experiment, the development of the frontal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure

A

The rat was unable to move

49
Q

A patient has a stroke that leaves him unable to hear. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?

A

Temporal lobe

50
Q

Amnesia is common after surgery due to the drugs used to anesthetize the patient. Which brain region is most affected by these drugs to cause this symptom?

A

Limbic association cortex

51
Q

A patient has a stroke that leaves him without any impulse control. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?

A

Prefrontal association cortex

52
Q

A PET scan be used to monitor _______ when a person is performing specific _______ tasks.

A

Brain activity, mental

53
Q

Diffuser tensor imaging DTI is a type of

A

MRI

54
Q

Regine Verma and colleagues wanted to know if there was a sex difference in the human connectome. Which age group(s) had a detectable a sex difference using DTI?

A

All ages examined

55
Q

In examining sex differences in the brains of male and female humans, researchers found males had _____ connections between the two hemispheres of the cortex and ______ connections between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum than females.

A

Weaker, stronger

56
Q

In humans, the amputation of a limb results in the loss of neurons in me brain due to the absence of its target cells. However, not all of mess neurons are lost - some of them become re-routed, and can establish connections with other neurons. What is this process called?

A

Plasticity

57
Q

Which phenomenon describes the unequal distribution of functions between the right and left hemispheres?

A

Lateralization

58
Q

In experiments to determine the function of the cerebral hemispheres, all the patients in the study had ___, which was necessary to be able to parse out the lateralization of the cortex

A

Severed corpus callosum

59
Q

Memories are associated with whim brain regions?

A

Limbic association cortex

60
Q

Memory is…

A

The storage and retrieval of sensory or motor experience

61
Q

Similarities all the neural circuit level between humans and _______ are easy to detect and therefore are used in evolutionary studies examining the requirements for neural circuits

A

Rodents

62
Q

Which molecule represents one of the best examples of a commonly shared signaling pathway connected to memory in invertebrates and vertebrates?

A

Cycle AMP

63
Q

If an action potential persists for one minute or longer, an increase in the strength of synaptic connections develops. Which term describes the resulting establishment of memory between two neurons?

A

Long term potentiation

64
Q

Eric Kandel, who retrieved a noble prize for his discoveries in signal transduction pathways involved in memory, performed experiments on….

A

Pacific sea hares

65
Q

During conscious quiet rest, the brain is emitting ______.

A

Alpha waves

66
Q

Bob dreamt he was biking for five hours. The actual time he was in _______ sleep was probably about ____minutes.

A

REM; 10-15

67
Q

Your alarm clock goes pff once again, and it is 7 am. Which neural event sends the signal to your cortex for you to know to hit the snooze button?

A

The reticular activating system sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex

68
Q

Which brain waves are emitted while dreaming?

A

Beta waves

69
Q

During a nap, the brain is emitting…

A

Theta waves

70
Q

During deep sleep, the brain is emitting…

A

Delta waves

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

H

72
Q

Hemisphere of cerebrum

A

A

73
Q

Hypothalamus

A

B

74
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

F

75
Q

Midbrain

A

D

76
Q

Pons

A

E

77
Q

Spinal cord

A

G

78
Q

Thalamus

A

C

79
Q

Is comprised of a two neuron series with the presynaptic neuron in the CNS and the postsynaptic neuron in a ganglion

A

Autonomic nervous system

80
Q

Predominates during quiet, low stress situations

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

81
Q

Predominates in situations involving stress, danger, excitement or strenuous physical activity

A

Sympathetic nervous system

82
Q

Is comprised of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

83
Q

Innervates the digestive tract

A

Enteric nervous system

84
Q

Carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures

A

Peripheral nervous system

85
Q

Efferent portion of the PNS dealing with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control

A

Somatic nervous system

86
Q

Compare the invertebrate nervous system to that of vertebrates.

A

Invertebrate nervous systems are relatively simple, typically containing fewer neurons, arranged in less complex networks, than vertebrate systems. Radially symmetrical invertebrates, such as cnidarians and echinoderms, have loose meshes of neurons called nerve nets. In cnidarians, these neurons do not have clearly differentiated dendrites and axons. Although invertebrates with nerve nets do not have brains, often the neurons may be more concentrated in some regions. More complex invertebrates, such as flatworms, arthropods, and mollusks, have neurons with clearly defined axons and dendrites and more specialized functions. In addition, some neurons are concentrated into a functional cluster called a ganglion. Cephalization is the formation of a distinct head region containing ganglia that form a brain. Central and peripheral nervous systems are also present. In vertebrates, the CNS consists of a large brain located in the head and a hollow spinal cord, and the PNS consists of all nerves and ganglia that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The head contains specialized sensory organs that are connected directly to the brain by nerves

87
Q

Define and explain the importance of the blood brain barrier

A

The blood brain barrier is a structural system of tight cellular junctions. Many substances are prevented from passing from the blood to the neurons because of these cellular functions. This provides protection from the microorganisms and toxins

88
Q

Explain why you move your hand from hot stimuli before you register pain

A

In a reflex, the afferent neurons carry’s the information about the hot surface to the spinal cord, where it makes a direct connection with the motor neuron that moves your hand away. The information that makes you aware of the hot surface is processed in your somatosensory cortex. Here, a connection between the spinal cord and an interneuron sends the information to the thalamus; therefore, at least one or two extra synapses are required for you to “know” that you’re hand is touching something hot than it takes for the reflex to move your hand away.

89
Q

Define long term potentiation

A

Long-term potentiation is a series of events involved in the permanent alteration of neurons and neuron pathways to create long term memory. Long term potentiation is a long lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections is activated neural pathways followed by brief periods of repeated stimulation. The synapses become increasingly sensitive over time, so that a constant level of presynaptic stimulation is converted into a larger postsynaptic output that can last hours, weeks, months, or years

90
Q

What are the three sequential mechanisms involved with learning? Explain how amouse would learn to locate cheese in a maze as indicated by these steps

A
  1. Storing memories
  2. Scanning memories when a stimulus is encountered
  3. Modifying the response when a stimulus is encountered in accordance with the information stored as a memory
  4. The mouse first has to find the cheese in a maze.
  5. The second time he is put in the maze, he will remember where that cheese is, and therefore,
  6. He will head directly to where the cheese was the last time he was in the maze.
91
Q

Cephalization is associated with bilateral symmetry

A

True

92
Q

Reptiles have a smaller brain than amphibians of the same body size

A

False, larger

93
Q

The cell body of the second neuron of the parasympathetic division is located outside of the CNS

A

True

94
Q

The parasympathetic ganglia are arranged in an orderly chain along the spinal cord

A

False sympathetic

95
Q

Gray matter is composed of axons with myelin sheaths

A

False, white

96
Q

An individual with a damaged cerebellum with have problems with balance

A

True

97
Q

Smell is an important stimulus in the activation of the Limbic system

A

True

98
Q

Sensitization is a type of memory in which increased responsiveness to mild stimuli occurs after experiencing a strong stimulus

A

True

99
Q

Alpha waves are associated with wakefulness

A

False - beta waves

100
Q

The Limbic system is involved in sleep wake cycle

A

False reticular formation

Biology 2112 (15 decks)

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