chapter 46~ respiratory system

Question 1

The environmental source of O2 and the “sink” for released Co2. For aquatic animals, the respiratory medium is water; for terrestrial animals, it is air.

Answer 1

Respiratory medium

Question 2

The process by which animals exchange gases with their surroundings — how they take in oxygen from the outside environment and deliver it to body cells, and remove carbon dioxide from body cells and deliver it to the environment.

Answer 2

External respiration

Question 3

A layer of epithelial cells that provides the interface between the body and the respiratory medium.

Answer 3

Respiratory surface

Question 4

A branching network of tubes that carries air from small openings in the exoskeleton of an insect to tissues throughout its body.

Answer 4

Tracheal system

Question 5

The organ system responsible for gas exchange, consisting of all parts of the body involved in exchanging air between the external environment and the blood.

Answer 5

Respiratory system

Question 6

A respiratory organ formed as evagination of the body that extends outward into the respiratory medium.

Answer 6

Gills

Question 7

One of a pair of invaginated respiratory surfaces, buried in the body interior where they are less susceptible to drying out; the organs of respiration in mammals, birds, reptiles, and most amphibians.

Answer 7

Lungs

Question 8

The flow of blood or other body fluids on the internal side of the respiratory surface.

Answer 8

Perfusion

Question 9

The flow of the respiratory medium (air or water, depending on the animal) over the respiratory surface.

Answer 9

Ventilation

Question 10

The exchange of gases with the respiratory medium by animals.

Answer 10

Breathing

Question 11

A mechanism in which the water flowing over the gills moves in a direction opposite to the flow of blood under the respiratory surface.

Answer 11

Countercurrent exchange

Question 12

A gill extends out from the body and contacts the water directly. An external gill lacks a protective covering.

Answer 12

External gills

Question 13

A gill located within the body that has a cover providing physical protection for the gills. Water must be brought to…

Answer 13

Internal gills

Question 14

In insects, an extensively branched, air conducting tube formed by invagination of the outer epidermis of the animal, and reinforced by rings of chitin. In vertebrates, the windpipe, which branches into the bronchi.

Answer 14

Tracheae

Question 15

An opening in the chitinous exoskeleton of an insect through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system.

Answer 15

Spiracles

Question 16

In bird lungs, an array of fine, parallel tubes through which air flows, and across which a capillary network crosses in a perpendicular direction to produce a cross current pattern of blood flow relative to the air flow.

Answer 16

Parabronchi

Question 17

One of the millions of tiny air pockets in mammalian lungs, each surrounded by dense capillary networks.

Answer 17

Alveoli

Question 18

A gulping or swallowing motion that forces air into the lungs.

Answer 18

Positive pressure breathing

Question 19

Muscular contractions that expand the lungs, lowering the pressure of the air in the lungs and causing air to be pulled inward.

Answer 19

Negative pressure breathing

Question 20

One of the small, branching airways in the lungs that lead into the alveoli.

Answer 20

Bronchioles

Question 21

The throat. In some invertebrates, a protrusible tube used to bring food into the mouth for passage to the gastrovascular cavity; in mammals, the common pathway for air entering the larynx and food entering the esophagus.

Answer 21

Pharynx

Question 22

An airway that leads from the trachea to the lungs.

Answer 22

Bronchi

Question 23

The voice box.

Answer 23

Larynx

Question 24

The volume of air entering and leaving the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.

Answer 24

Tidal volume

Question 25

The double layer of epithelial tissue covering the lungs.

Answer 25

Pleura

Question 26

The maximum tidal volume of air that an individual can inhale and exhale.

Answer 26

Vital capacity

Question 27

The air that remains in lungs after exhalation.

Answer 27

Residual volume

Question 28

In a mixture of gases, the pressure of each individual gas.

Answer 28

Partial pressure