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Biology 2112 > biology unit 2 exam > Flashcards

biology unit 2 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

The place where two neurons meet, or a neuron meets another cell

A

Synapse

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2
Q

What is the role of the interneuron in the reflex are described in the narrative?

A

To connect the sensory and motor neurons

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3
Q

Which of the following are true about reflexes?

A

Respond to stimuli more quickly than voluntary
Reflexes are involuntary
Reflex processing does not require the brain

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4
Q

Single EPSPs are enough to trigger the rising phase of an action potential

A

False

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5
Q

The ______, the input zone of the neuron, may be the site of the generation of an action potential

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Which of the following best describes the trigger zone after an EPSP has been received?

A

The trigger zone depolarized

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7
Q

During the resting potential, the outside of a nerve cell is _____ charged compared to inside

A

Positively

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8
Q

During the action potential, the outside of the nerve cell is _______ charged with respect to the inside

A

Negatively

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9
Q

After repolarization, the outside of the nerve cell is _______ charged with respect to the inside

A

Positively

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10
Q

Release by presynaptic neurons depolarizes a postsynaptic neurons axon hillock, producing an EPSP that depolarizes the neurons axon hillock

A

Neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Called Schwann cells form the insulating myelin sheath around axons

A

Glial cells

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12
Q

An example of a synapse could be the site where….

A

Neurotransmitters released by an axon travel across a gap and are picked up by receptors on a muscle cell

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13
Q

The resting membrane potential in neurons requires ….

A

The diffusion of K+ out of the cell and a charge separation between the inside and outside of the axon set up by this movement of K+

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14
Q

The major role of the Na+ and K+ pump is to

A

Maintain the resting membrane potential at a constant negative value

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15
Q

In the propagation of an action potential

A

The refractory period begins as the K + channel opens, allowing K+ ions to flow outward along their concentration gradient

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16
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials

A

Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing

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17
Q

It transmits the action potential at the nodes of ranvier and thus speeds up the action potentials on myelinated axons

A

Saltatory conduction

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18
Q

transmission of a neural signal to its target cell requires…

A

An action potential to open the Ca 2+ gates so that Ca2+ ions, in higher concentration outside the axon, can flow back into the cytoplasm of the neuron

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19
Q

How does activating metabotropic receptors differ from activating ionotropic receptors?

A

Activating metabotropic receptors prices longer lasting effects on postsynaptic neurons

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20
Q

Which of the following are part of the central nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and spinal cord

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21
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of the autonomic nerves in the body?

A

Control of involuntary functions including the cardiac muscles and glands

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22
Q

The “fight or flight” response occurs when which group of neurons is activated?

A

The sympathetic neurons

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23
Q

Which neural circuit motif regulates the overall level of excitation?

A

Feedforward excitation

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24
Q

The hindbrain subdivides and eventually gives rise to the

A

Cerebellum

25
Q

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

26
Q

People with severe insect-sting allergies carry an epipen, an auto injector containing medication that they can use in an emergency. The medication causes smooth muscles in the lung passages to relax so they can breathe, but causes ts to pound rapidly. This is an example of stimulation of the:

A

Sympathetic system

27
Q

The blood brain barrier reduces blood supply to brain cells compared with other body cells

A

False

28
Q

Which one of the following structures participates in a reflex?

A

Gray matter in spinal cord

29
Q

Brain stem neurons that release serotonin and norepinephrine…

A

Modulate the excitatory of neurons in the forebrain

30
Q

Cushioning and nourishing the brain and spinal cord and fitting the ventricles of the brain are

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

31
Q

Which structure and function are correctly paired below

A

Hypothalamus- releases hormones, sets up daily rhythms

32
Q

A patient had a tumor in wernicke’s area. It was initially diagnosed when the patient could not

A

Understand the morning newspaper

33
Q

The ______ is 5e innermost layer of the human eye

A

Retina

34
Q

Where in the eye are most of the blood vessels found?

A

In the choroid layer

35
Q

Where in the eye is the aqueous humor located?

A

In the anterior chamber, near the front of the eye

36
Q

What do all sensory receptor proteins have in common?

A

They produce a change in membrane potential when activated

37
Q

You notice an odor when you walk into a room but soon stop smelling it, even though someone else smells it when they walk into the room. This response is due to…

A

Sensory adaptation

38
Q

Which two senses make use of mechanoreceptor proteins?

A

Hearing and somatosensation

39
Q

What are two uses of hair cells in vertebrates?

A

Hearing and maintaining balance

40
Q

Structures in the vertebrates ear are activated by sound waves in the following order:

A

Pinna, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlear duct

41
Q

The eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods are similar in structure and function. A difference between the vertebrate eye and the cephalopod eye is that the vertebrate eye has:

A

A lens that changes shape when focusing, whereas in cephalopods the lens move back and forth to focus

42
Q

Which of the following events does not occur during light absorption in the vertebrate eye?

A

As light absorption increases, the rhodopsin response causes an increase in the release of neurotransmitters

43
Q

The variety of color seen by humans is directly dependent on the

A

Activation of three different opsins in cones

44
Q

Which sense involves the greatest number of different receptor proteins in terrestrial animals?

A

Olfaction

45
Q

The human perception of pain

A

Is activated by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

46
Q

Which of the following describes the action that occurs during muscle contraction?

A

Thin filaments slide over thick filaments

47
Q

Which two muscle components interact during muscle contraction?

A

Actin and myosin heads

48
Q

The specialized structures that allow skeletal muscle contraction are called ______, which contain repeating contractile units called______

A

Myofibrils, sacromeres

49
Q

May rotate one body part with respect to another

A

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

50
Q

In muscle fiber in a completely relaxed state:

A

Dark A bands contain overlapping thick and thin filaments with central thin H zone composed only of thick filaments

51
Q

The sliding filament contractile mechanism

A

Causes thin filaments on each side of a sacromere to slide over thick filaments toward the center of the A band, bringing the Z lines closer together

52
Q

During contractile of skeletal muscle

A

Action potentials cause the release of Ca 2+ which binds to troponin causing one and uncover the binding sites on actin and myosin

53
Q

When marathoners are running a race, most likely their

A

Slow muscle fibers will do most of the work for the run

54
Q

Which description is characteristic of a motor unit?

A

When receiving an action potential, a motor unit is controlled by a single efferent axon that causes all its fibers to contract

55
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a hydrostatic skeletal structure?

A

The mantle of squids

56
Q

Protect internal organs and provide structures against which force of muscle contraction can work

A

Endoskeletons

57
Q

Connecting the bones of the vertebrate skeleton are…

A

Synovial joints lubricated by synovial fluid

58
Q

The movement of vertebrate muscles is

A

Antagonistic when it causes movements in the joint

Biology 2112 (15 decks)

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