Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Surg > Chapter 46 Diabetes > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

______ cells secrete insulin —> lowers blood glucose

A

beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________ cells secrete glucagon —> raises blood glucose

A

alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ cells secrete somatostatin

A

Delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The hallmark sign of Diabetes Mellitus is elevated ________ ________ levels. DM is the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations, blindness, and end-stage renal disease

A

glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic ______ cells

A

beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin _____________ and insulin ______________

A

secretion
resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Patients with T1DM have to take life long _________ because their pancreas is not making any

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis occurs due to a deficit of ________ resulting in disorders in the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of DKA (4)

A

Sepsis
Stress
Skipping Insulin
Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the manifestations of DKA? 4Ks

A

Ketonuria
Decreased K+
Ketotic breath (sweet smell)
Kussmaul Respirations (deep rapid breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type 2 diabetes is due to the decreases sensitivity to insulin or decreased insulin ____________

A

production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Diet and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the main causes of type ____ diabetes

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DKA is super rare in Type ___ diabetes

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T2DM Clinical Manifestations (3Ps)

A

polyuria — large amount of dilute urine
polydipsia — excessive, abnormal thirst
polyphagia — extreme hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HHNS stands for:

A

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-ketonic Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HHNS is a complication of T_DM. It included Hyperosmolality and hyperglycemia with alterations in LOC.

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HHNS is ______ blood sugar. The blood sugar is greater than >_____

A

high
600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osmolarity causes a build up of glucose, sodium and other substances into the blood, pulling fluid from other parts of the body (True or false)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis if a higher sugar of _____ and higher

A

250

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The four K’s of DKA is:

A

Ketonuria
Decreased K+
Ketotic breath (sweet smell)
Kussmal respirations (deep breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meticulous _____ care is very important for patient education for diabetes

A

foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Consistency in the amount of _________ and _____________ ingested at each meal is essential

A

calories
carbohydrates

24
Q

___________ is vital in managing diabetes

A

exercise

25
Q

A target AC blood glucose is between ___ and _____mg/dl

A

70-130

26
Q

Urine testing for ________ and glucose may also be performed

A

ketones

27
Q

Ketones in urine is often seen in T___DM when there is a persistently elevated BG

A

1

28
Q

Rapid acting insulin:

A

Humalog

29
Q

Short acting insulin:

A

Normal

30
Q

Intermediate lasting insulin:

A

NPH

31
Q

Long acting insulin:

A

Glargine (Lantaus) and Detemir (Levemir

32
Q

Insulin promotes:
*Storage of __________ as glycogen
* Increased ________ and fat synthesis
*____________ the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat
* Assists in balancing _________ & _______________

A

glucose
protein
Decreases
fluid and electrolytes

33
Q

As an RN, it is essential that you know the onset and peak times for insulin
*This knowledge is used to guide _____________ and snacks
* This knowledge will help you understand when your patient is at highest risk for _______glycemia
*All T1D patients require insulin because ….?

A

mealtimes
HYPOglycemia (HYPOgly the brain might die!)
They do not make insulin

34
Q

The __________ Effect is where prolonged hypoglycemia is untreated, then stress due to low BS can result in high blood glucose rebound. When the BG level falls below normal, the body responds by release the endocrine hormone glucagon as well as the stress hormones epinephrine, cortisol, ,and GH. Glucose facilitates the release of glucose from the liver that raises the BG immediately; the stress hormones cause insulin resistance for several hours, sustaining elevated BS

A

Somogyi

35
Q

The ________ phenomenon is a natural morning rise in BS in response to waning insulin and GH surge.

A

Dawn

36
Q

Oral hypoglycemic mediations appear to work by improving both tissue _______________ to insulin and/or the ability of the pancreatic cells to _________ insulin

A

responsiveness
secrete

37
Q

Oral hypoglycemic medications are usually prescribed to patients with T___DM

A

2

38
Q

Nursing considerations for oral hypoglycemic medications
*Monitor serum __________ levels
*Instruct patients to avoid __________
*Instruct and educate patients on diabetes, dietary control, sx of hypo and hyper glycemia
* Good ______ care

A

glucose
alcohol
skin

39
Q

Hypoglycemia is a BS that is ____ or less

A

65

40
Q

High blood sugar kills faster than low blood sugar (true or false)

A

FALSE — Low sugar kills faster than high sugar (HYPOgly the brain might die)

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of a hypoglycemic episode

A

tachycardia
palpitations
sweating
tremulousness
nausea
hunger
weakness
bizarre behavior
coma
seizures
slurred speech
hypotension
cool and clammy (Cool and clammy give them some candy)

42
Q

Hypoglycemic Awareness: patient develops frequent hypoglycemia episodes and they get _______ signs each time it happens

A

fewer

43
Q

The goal with hypoglycemic patients is to consume ____ grams of carbs every ____ minutes until resolution of hypoglycemia

A

15
15

44
Q

Diabetic macrovascular complications include :
* A_____________
* C___
* MI
*S_______
*P____

A

Atherosclerosis
CAD
Stroke
PVD

45
Q

Diabetic retinopathy is when damage is done to the blood vessels in the back of the ______

A

eye

46
Q

Diabetic nephropathy is when there is damage is done to the blood vessels in the ____________

A

kidneys

47
Q

DM retinopathy can lead to severe ________ loss and is the leading cause of new onset __________ in the US

A

vision
blindness

48
Q

Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy is:
* Poor __________ control
* _______tension
* ________lipidemia
*Nephropathy
*Anemia
*Sleep apnea
* Smoking

A

Glycemic
Hyper
Hyper

49
Q

Presence of Microalbuminuria is the earliest indicator of _______ damage and should be tested for at the time of DM diagnosis and then annually.

A

renal

50
Q

<___mg is normal
____-_____ mg may indicate early kidney disease (microalbuminuria)
>_____mg indicates more advanced kidney disease (macroalbuminuria)

A

30
30-300
300

51
Q

________ creates special risks for patients with diabetes r/t impaired ________

A

Surgery
healing

52
Q

________________ creates a risk for unstable blood sugar levels (stress of illness)

A

Hospitalization

53
Q

lispro (Humalog)
aspart (Novolog)
glulisine (Apidra)
are all examples of ________ acting insulin
**Highest risk for ______glycemia

A

rapid
HYPO

54
Q

Regular insulin (Humalin R and Novolin R) are examples of _______ acting insulin
** This is the only insulin that can given ______

A

short
IV

55
Q

NPH (Humalin N and Novolin N) are examples of _____________ acting insulin
** This insulin should ever be given ______

A

intermediate
IV

56
Q

glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
degludec (Teresita)
Are all examples of ________ acting insulin
** These insulting have the ________ risk for hypoglycemia

A

long
lowest

Med Surg (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions