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Med Surg > Chapter 28: Hematologic Assessment > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Hematologic Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

The Hematological System consists of the _______ and the blood forming _______, including the bone ______ and the reticuloendothelial system (RES)

A

blood
sites
marrow

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2
Q

Blood consists of _____ and ________ _______

A

plasma : fluid portion of blood
Blood cells : erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)

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3
Q

Hematopoiesis is ______ cell and ___________ formation and ___________. It is important to balance for oxygenation, prevention of blood conditions.

A

blood
platelet
maturation

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4
Q

Blood components are made within the _____ _______

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

Plasma is the ________ portion of blood

A

fluid

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6
Q

Plasma plays a big role on impacting _________ balance

A

fluid

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7
Q

Red blood cells are also called:

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

Hemoglobin is where ________ binds to

A

oxygen

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9
Q

Reticulocytes are ______________RBCs. They are secreted when no ___________ is available — they won’t work as great as hemoglobin but is better than nothing

A

immature
hemoglobin

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis is the production of ______

A

RBCs

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11
Q

Iron stores and metabolism occurs in _______

A

RBCs

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12
Q

RBCs produce _______. This carries O2 from the _______ and delivers it throughout the body

A

heme
lungs

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13
Q

RBCs acts as a _________ to maintain acid/base __________

A

buffer
balance

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14
Q

RBC growth factor is known as :

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

White blood cells are also known as :

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

WBCs provides protection by __________ and _________ properties

A

immunity
inflammation

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17
Q

Granulocytes are :

A

WBCs

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18
Q

Types of granulocytes include: E__________, B___________, N__________

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

19
Q

Bands are immature ___________. If the body is low on WBCs, ________ will be sent out

A

neutrophils
bands

20
Q

Agranulocytes are a type of:

A

WBC

21
Q

Types of agranulocytes are M_________, and L__________

A

Monocytes : “take out the trash” keeps everything nice and clean
Lymphocytes : T cells and B cells

22
Q

Platelets are also known as :

A

thrombocytes

23
Q

Platelets are made up of T_______________ and F_______

A

thrombopoietin
fibrin

24
Q

Fibrin is made of a _____________ protein that is like a “_____” that hold the platelets together for blood to stick together and form a clot

A

filamentous
mesh

25
Q

Platelets are important for _______ ___________ and are stored in the _____ and are released as the are needed

A

blood clotting
liver

26
Q

_____% of platelets circulate and ____% is stored in the liver/spleen

A

80
20

27
Q

what is the normal range for WBC?

A

4.5-11 X 10^9/L

28
Q

What is the normal range of hemoglobin?

A

12-17g/dL

29
Q

What is the normal range for platelets?

A

150,000-450,000/mm^3

30
Q

What does an increased RBC mean?

A

Dehydration
Hyperactivity of bone marrow

31
Q

What does a decreased RBC mean?

A

Fluid volume overload
Hemorrhage
Anemia
Renal disease

32
Q

What does an increased Hemoglobin mean?

A

Dehydration

33
Q

What does a decreased hemoglobin mean?

A

fluid retention
anemia
hemorrhage

34
Q

What does an increased hematocrit mean?

A

dehydration
low o2 availability

35
Q

What does a decreased Hct mean?

A

fluid retention
anemia
hemorrhage

36
Q

what does an increased WBC count mean ?

A

current or recent infection
inflammation

37
Q

What does a decreased WBC count mean?

A

immunosuppression

38
Q

What does an increased platelet count mean?

A

certain cancers
infection

39
Q

what does a decreased platelet count mean?

A

decreased platelets —> bleeding

40
Q

Hemostasis is the normal blood __________ mechanism to minimize ______ loss after injury

A

clotting
blood

41
Q

4 components of normal hemostasis
* ___________ response (spasms/constricts to limit blood loss)
* ________ plug formation
* Development of _______ clot on platelet plug by plasma clotting factors
* _______ of clot

A

Vascular
Platelet
Fibrin
Lysis

42
Q

What are the most commonly known hematologist studies?

A

CBC
PT (prothrombin time)
INR (international normalized ratio)
aPTT (partial thromboplastin time) — done during HEPARIN dosing
** PT and INR are tested during COUMADIN and WARFARIN dosing

43
Q

Complications of blood donation and transfusion
* _______ hemolytic reaction
* ______ hemolytic reaction
* __________ reaction
* __________ associated circulatory overload (TACO)
* ___________ contamination
* Transfusion related acute _______ injury (TRALI)
*Delayed __________ reaction
*Disease Acquisition
Bleeding at site
Tachy
Hypotension
fainting
Syncope

A

acute
febrile
allergic
transfusion
bacterial
lung
hemolytic

44
Q

Response to blood donation / blood transfusion complications
** Febrile Hemolytic Reaction
Give _____________ medication to prevent fever
** Acute Hemolytic Reaction
____________ transfusion immediately
** Allergic reaction
Give patient ______________ or _____________ can reduce risk of allergic reaction. For severe reactions — future blood components are washed out to remove any remaining plasma ________
**Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload
MILD— ______ rate of infusion and administer _________. SEVERE— Place patient _______, discontinue transfusion, notify _______. Oxygen and _______ may be needed to treat severe dyspnea
** Bacterial contamination
If contam. occurs before transfusion is complete, _________ transfusion. Broad spectrum ____________ are used to prevent sepsis. If sepsis occurs, treat with fluids and IV ___________, corticosteroids, and vasopressors are after necessary
** Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Oxygenation, ___________, and fluid support
** Delayed Hemolytic Response
Mild and requires _____ intervention

A

antipyretic
discontinue
antihistamines , corticosteroids, proteins
slow, diuretics, upright, doctor, morphine
discontinue, antibiotics, antibiotics
intubation
no

Med Surg (20 decks)

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