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Med Surg > Chapter 12: Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Pancytopenia is an abnormal decrease in _____s, ______s, and _________

A

WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

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2
Q

Neutropenia is having a low level of _______________ (WBCs)

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

Benign means that cells are NOT ______________ (but do not look like cell of origin)

A

cancerous

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4
Q

Malignant cells or processes that are characteristic of ___________ (invade regular growth process)

A

cancer

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5
Q

Well-differentiated cancer cells look more like ________ cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly

A

cancer

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6
Q

Undifferentiated cells look ad behave very ____________from normal cells in the tissue they started to grown in

A

differently *** also more aggressive

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7
Q

What are some examples of primary prevention of cancer?

A

Avoid known carcinogens
Lifestyle and Dietary changes
Eat a balanced diet
Maintain healthy weight
Adequate rest
Exercise regularly
Eliminate, reduce, cope with stress
Regular health exams
Known family hx and know your risks

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8
Q

What are examples of secondary preventions of cancer?

A

Self-breast exam
Self testicular exam
Colonoscopy
PAP smear
Public/patient education

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9
Q

What is cure surgery used for in cancer patients?

A

Performed to get rid of the cancer completely

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10
Q

What is control surgery used for in cancer patients?

A

Performed to stop the spread/growth of tumor

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11
Q

What is palliative surgery used for in cancer patients?

A

Performed to relieve symptoms and to improve the patient’s quality of life. Usually performed in an attempt to relieve symptoms such as ulceration, obstruction, hemorrhage, pain, and malignant effusions

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12
Q

Patient receiving internal radiation become radioactive themselves (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Patient who is receiving internal radiation does not have radioactive bodily secretions (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

FALSE— patients who are receiving internal radiation have radioactive bodily secretions/fluids

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14
Q

Chemotherapy consists of agents used in attempt to ___________ cancer cells by interfering will cellular ______ and __________

A

destroy
function
replication

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15
Q

What are the most common routes for Chemo administration?

A

PO
IM
IV

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16
Q

CHEMO PRECAUTIONS
Chemo can be absorbed through _____, ___________, during ________,transport, and administration. Gloving is very important for the healthcare provider. ________ gloving for bodily secretions is very common

A

skin
inhalation
prep
Double

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17
Q

Tolerable side effects : Controlled with _______
Toxic side effects: _________________
Most common side effects of chemo: _____

A

medication
uncontrollable
N&V

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18
Q

Chemo can radiation can damage the immune system by reducing the number of infection fighting _______ _______ _____. This makes it harder for you body to fight ___________. An infection can also lead to sepsis, the body’s extreme response to an infection

A

white blood cells
infection

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19
Q

Targeted therapies targets and binds to cell receptors important to _________ growth

A

tumor

20
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are capable of __________ to specific target cells to ultimately destroy them. These are administered by ___________

A

Binding
infusion

21
Q

Cytokines are ___________ that inhibit _____ and protein synthesis and increases the effects of natural ________ cells

A

interferons
DNA
killer

22
Q

Interleukins induce biological activities that activate the __________ system and alternates the function in ______ cells

A

immune
cancer

23
Q

Capillary leak syndrome is when a major ________ occurs resulting in changes in the permeability and vascular tone. Shift from intravascular to extravascular results in fluid ________.

A

toxicity
depletion

24
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant involves taking stem cells from a donor or patient and infusing them into a ___________ who needs them. Stem cells are able to turn into ___________ is needed. These stem cells generate __________ cells to replace cells affected by disease

A

patient
whatever
healthy

25
Q

Allogeneic HSCT stem cell transplants are from_ ________ other than the patient

A

a donor

26
Q

Autologous stem cell transplants are from ___ ____________

A

the patient

27
Q

Syngeneic stem cell transplants are from an _____________ ______

A

identical twin

28
Q

Myeloablative stem cell transplants consists of giving the patient high dose _______ and occasionally total body ___________

A

chemo
irradiation

29
Q

Nonmyeloblative stem cell transplants are also called _______-___________. These do not completely destroy ______ __________ cells

A

mini-transplants
bone marrow

30
Q

Why do we use hematopoietic stem cell transplants?

A

Used to treat several malignant and nonmalignant diseases

31
Q

Reported pain from cancer patients should be ___________ and __________ as primary source for pain assessment data

A

believed
accepted

32
Q

Long term pain medications are used ____________ to keep pain leveled and bearable. Short term pain meds are used during times such as when patient is working with ___________ ___________

A

everyday
physical therapy

33
Q

Nurses need to screen patients for ________________ distress during the cancer experience. Patients are supported in managing various sources and levels of distress. Referral to mental health providers may be helpful to address specific concerns

A

psychosocial

34
Q

Why do we focus on nutrition in cancer patients? What are nutritional concerns?
- ____________ impairment
- Anorexia
- Malabsorption
- C________ related a________ c___________syndrome (CACS)

A

Nutritional
Cancer, anorexia, cachexia

35
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome is the ______________ or incvasion of the superior cava by a ______

A

compression
tumor

36
Q

S/S of superior vena cava syndrome
- Facial and periorbital ________
- Dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, dysphagia, _______ pain
- Distention of _______ in head, neck, chest
- Increased ______, headache, altered mental status, visual disturbances, seizures, stroke

A

edema
chest
veins
ICP

37
Q

What is the best and most commonly used and best way to treat Superior vena cava syndrome?

A

Radiation and/or chemo
*** can also use :
anticoagulants (prevent clotting, make flow easier)
Stent/re-establishing circulation (open vena cava)
Supportive care (oxygen, diuretics, steroids)

38
Q

Spinal cord compression occurs when a tumor is in the _________ space of ________ ________

A

epidural
spinal cord

39
Q

S/S of spinal cord compression includes
- Intense, localized persistent _______ pain
- _______ weakness
- ________ parenthesis and loss
- Change in _________/_________ function

A

back
motor
sensory
bladder/bowel

40
Q

Hypercalcemia occurs when the ____________ hormone like substance is secreted from cancer cells

A

parathyroid

41
Q

S/S of hypercalcemia include:
- Apathy, depression, fatigue, weak _______
- _____ changes, polyuria, nocturnal, anorexia, N/V

A

muscles
EKG

42
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome is triggered by ______’s rapid _____________ of large numbers of tumor cells

A

chemo
destruction

43
Q

Increased serum phosphate caused calcium to decrease resulting in hypocalcemia (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

true

44
Q

What are the 4 hallmark signs of tumor lysis syndrome?

A

Hyperuricemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia

45
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome can be _______

A

fatal

46
Q

A patient with TLS can be given __________ to treat TLS or it can be given beforehand

A

allopurinol

Med Surg (20 decks)

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