Chapter 12: Cancer Flashcards
Pancytopenia is an abnormal decrease in _____s, ______s, and _________
WBCs
RBCs
Platelets
Neutropenia is having a low level of _______________ (WBCs)
neutrophils
Benign means that cells are NOT ______________ (but do not look like cell of origin)
cancerous
Malignant cells or processes that are characteristic of ___________ (invade regular growth process)
cancer
Well-differentiated cancer cells look more like ________ cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly
cancer
Undifferentiated cells look ad behave very ____________from normal cells in the tissue they started to grown in
differently *** also more aggressive
What are some examples of primary prevention of cancer?
Avoid known carcinogens
Lifestyle and Dietary changes
Eat a balanced diet
Maintain healthy weight
Adequate rest
Exercise regularly
Eliminate, reduce, cope with stress
Regular health exams
Known family hx and know your risks
What are examples of secondary preventions of cancer?
Self-breast exam
Self testicular exam
Colonoscopy
PAP smear
Public/patient education
What is cure surgery used for in cancer patients?
Performed to get rid of the cancer completely
What is control surgery used for in cancer patients?
Performed to stop the spread/growth of tumor
What is palliative surgery used for in cancer patients?
Performed to relieve symptoms and to improve the patient’s quality of life. Usually performed in an attempt to relieve symptoms such as ulceration, obstruction, hemorrhage, pain, and malignant effusions
Patient receiving internal radiation become radioactive themselves (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE
Patient who is receiving internal radiation does not have radioactive bodily secretions (TRUE OR FALSE)
FALSE— patients who are receiving internal radiation have radioactive bodily secretions/fluids
Chemotherapy consists of agents used in attempt to ___________ cancer cells by interfering will cellular ______ and __________
destroy
function
replication
What are the most common routes for Chemo administration?
PO
IM
IV
CHEMO PRECAUTIONS
Chemo can be absorbed through _____, ___________, during ________,transport, and administration. Gloving is very important for the healthcare provider. ________ gloving for bodily secretions is very common
skin
inhalation
prep
Double
Tolerable side effects : Controlled with _______
Toxic side effects: _________________
Most common side effects of chemo: _____
medication
uncontrollable
N&V
Chemo can radiation can damage the immune system by reducing the number of infection fighting _______ _______ _____. This makes it harder for you body to fight ___________. An infection can also lead to sepsis, the body’s extreme response to an infection
white blood cells
infection
Targeted therapies targets and binds to cell receptors important to _________ growth
tumor
Monoclonal antibodies are capable of __________ to specific target cells to ultimately destroy them. These are administered by ___________
Binding
infusion
Cytokines are ___________ that inhibit _____ and protein synthesis and increases the effects of natural ________ cells
interferons
DNA
killer
Interleukins induce biological activities that activate the __________ system and alternates the function in ______ cells
immune
cancer
Capillary leak syndrome is when a major ________ occurs resulting in changes in the permeability and vascular tone. Shift from intravascular to extravascular results in fluid ________.
toxicity
depletion
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant involves taking stem cells from a donor or patient and infusing them into a ___________ who needs them. Stem cells are able to turn into ___________ is needed. These stem cells generate __________ cells to replace cells affected by disease
patient
whatever
healthy
Allogeneic HSCT stem cell transplants are from_ ________ other than the patient
a donor
Autologous stem cell transplants are from ___ ____________
the patient
Syngeneic stem cell transplants are from an _____________ ______
identical twin
Myeloablative stem cell transplants consists of giving the patient high dose _______ and occasionally total body ___________
chemo
irradiation
Nonmyeloblative stem cell transplants are also called _______-___________. These do not completely destroy ______ __________ cells
mini-transplants
bone marrow
Why do we use hematopoietic stem cell transplants?
Used to treat several malignant and nonmalignant diseases
Reported pain from cancer patients should be ___________ and __________ as primary source for pain assessment data
believed
accepted
Long term pain medications are used ____________ to keep pain leveled and bearable. Short term pain meds are used during times such as when patient is working with ___________ ___________
everyday
physical therapy
Nurses need to screen patients for ________________ distress during the cancer experience. Patients are supported in managing various sources and levels of distress. Referral to mental health providers may be helpful to address specific concerns
psychosocial
Why do we focus on nutrition in cancer patients? What are nutritional concerns?
- ____________ impairment
- Anorexia
- Malabsorption
- C________ related a________ c___________syndrome (CACS)
Nutritional
Cancer, anorexia, cachexia
Superior vena cava syndrome is the ______________ or incvasion of the superior cava by a ______
compression
tumor
S/S of superior vena cava syndrome
- Facial and periorbital ________
- Dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, dysphagia, _______ pain
- Distention of _______ in head, neck, chest
- Increased ______, headache, altered mental status, visual disturbances, seizures, stroke
edema
chest
veins
ICP
What is the best and most commonly used and best way to treat Superior vena cava syndrome?
Radiation and/or chemo
*** can also use :
anticoagulants (prevent clotting, make flow easier)
Stent/re-establishing circulation (open vena cava)
Supportive care (oxygen, diuretics, steroids)
Spinal cord compression occurs when a tumor is in the _________ space of ________ ________
epidural
spinal cord
S/S of spinal cord compression includes
- Intense, localized persistent _______ pain
- _______ weakness
- ________ parenthesis and loss
- Change in _________/_________ function
back
motor
sensory
bladder/bowel
Hypercalcemia occurs when the ____________ hormone like substance is secreted from cancer cells
parathyroid
S/S of hypercalcemia include:
- Apathy, depression, fatigue, weak _______
- _____ changes, polyuria, nocturnal, anorexia, N/V
muscles
EKG
Tumor lysis syndrome is triggered by ______’s rapid _____________ of large numbers of tumor cells
chemo
destruction
Increased serum phosphate caused calcium to decrease resulting in hypocalcemia (TRUE OR FALSE)
true
What are the 4 hallmark signs of tumor lysis syndrome?
Hyperuricemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Tumor lysis syndrome can be _______
fatal
A patient with TLS can be given __________ to treat TLS or it can be given beforehand
allopurinol
