Chapter 43 Flashcards
1
Q
Pathogens
A
Organisms that cause disease
2
Q
Parasites
A
Feed on hosts and benefit at their expense
3
Q
Animal Responses to Preventing Pathogens and Parasites
A
- Innate Immunity (all animals)
2. Adaptive Immunity (vertebrates only)
4
Q
Innate Immunity
A
Shared traits recognized by few receptors (*rapid)
- Barrier defenses:
* skin
* mucous membranes
* secretions - Internal defenses
* phagocytic and natural killer cells
* antimicrobial proteins
* inflammatory responses
5
Q
Adaptive Immunity
A
Recognizes specific traits using many receptors (*slower)
- Humoral response:
* antibodies defend body fluids - Cell-mediated response:
* cytotoxic cells defend body cells
6
Q
Land Plant Responses (2)
A
- Hypersensitive response
2. Systemic Acquired Resistence
7
Q
Systemic Acquired Resistance (6)
A
- Triggered by the presence of a pathogen (or herbivore)
- Can prevent spread of infection
- Dutch elm disease: ‘wilt’ disease
- Fungus spread by beetle vector
- Innate defenses overwhelmed, no antimicrobial defenses or evolutionary history with pathogen
- Plant blocks xylem to prevent spread of fungi
* rapidly fatal
8
Q
Preventing Predation (3)
A
- Behavioural Defences
- Chemical Defences
- Physical Defences
9
Q
Behavioral Defenses (4)
A
- herds/schools
- hiding
- fleeing
- self-defence (rare)
10
Q
Chemical Defences
A
toxins, scents, etc.
11
Q
Physical Defences (3)
A
- Quills, trichocysts, etc.
- Colouration
- Mimicry
12
Q
Coloration
A
- Cryptic: hide from predators
2. Aposematic: toxins present
13
Q
Mimicry
A
- Batesian: harmless but pretends otherwise
2. Mullerian: unpalatable and resemble eachother
14
Q
Protecting Relatives (4)
A
- Some animals serve and protect others (altruistic)
- Advantages = ‘inclusive fitness’
- fitness achieved by helping close relatives - 3 Determinates:
- benefit to recipient (B)
- cost to provider (C)
- relatedness of individuals (r) - Hamilton’s Rule
15
Q
Hamilton’s Rule
A
If rB>C, natural selection favours altruism
