Chapter 37 & 41

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Self-Feeders: require inorganic form of carbon

ex: CO2, HCO3-

Question 2

Inorganic

Answer 2

Not from living organism

Question 3

Organic

Answer 3

From living organism

Question 4

Heterotrophs

Answer 4

Other Feeders: require organic carbon

ex: C6H12O6

Question 5

Phototrophs

Answer 5

Light Feeder: obtains energy from light

Question 6

Chemotrophs

Answer 6

Chemical Feeder: obtains energy from chemicals

Question 7

Photoautotrophy (3)

Answer 7

1. Convert light energy into chemical energy
   - power synthesis of energetically unfavourable molecules (carbohydrates)
2. Includes plants, algae and cyanobacteria
3. Photosynthetic organisms absorb light in the visible spectrum
   - PAR
   - 40% of incident radiation

Question 8

PAR

Answer 8

Photosynthetically Available Radiation

Question 9

Specialized structures that capture energy (3)

Answer 9

1. Leaves (plants)
2. Blades (microalgae)
3. Chloroplasts (all, including microalgae)

Question 10

How is energy converted in chloroplasts?

Answer 10

Light energy is converted to chemical energy

Question 11

2 moles of NADPH and 3 moles of ATP are used for what?

Answer 11

To fix a mole of CO2

Question 12

Efficiency of Energy Acquisition (3)

Answer 12

1. Capture is inefficient
2. Conversion is efficient
3. 5% of solar energy is retained by the biosphere

Question 13

Chemoheterotrophy (3)

Answer 13

1. Energy and carbon directly or indirectly form autotrophs
2. Includes prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals and some plants
3. Food is processed to obtain carbon, nutrients and energy

Question 14

What are the 4 steps for how animals process ‘food’?

Answer 14

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

*some heterotrophs skip a step or two

Question 15

How do fungi eat? (2)

Answer 15

• Fungi are absorbers*
  1. Decomposers secrete enzymes to break down dead material (e.g. deterius)
  2. Other fungi pierce plants or animal bodies with hyphae, and extract nutrients

Question 16

Ingestion (4 Feeders)

Answer 16

1. Suspension/filter Feeder
2. Substrate Feeder
3. Fluid Feeder
4. Bulk Feeder

Question 17

Suspension/Filter Feeder

Answer 17

Traps small organisms or particles from water (many aquatic animals)

Question 18

Substrate Feeder

Answer 18

Live on or in their food source

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detrivores

Question 19

Fluid Feeder

Answer 19

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from host

Question 20

Bulk Feeder

Answer 20

Ingest relatively large pieces of food (often with specialized teeth)

Question 21

Ingestion - Dentition and Diet

Answer 21

Herbivores:
-broad, rigid molars and premolars for grinding
Carnivores
-large incisors and canines that serve as weapons, and premolars that shred meat
Omnivores:
-somewhere in the middle

Question 22

Digestion + (2 Types)

Answer 22

Break down food into molecules small enough for absorption

1. Mechanical
2. Chemical

Question 23

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 23

Chewing in some animals, crops and gizzards in birds

Question 24

Chemical Digestion

Answer 24

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 25

How does digestion typically begin?

Answer 25

Extracellularly

-gastrovascular cavity (simple animals): first stages of digestion breaks down large prey then moves onto smaller

Question 26

Respiration (2)

Answer 26

1. Photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs BOTH respire

2. Release energy from organic compounds and start synthesis of other macromolecules from precursors

Question 27

Other Nutrient Requirements (5)

Answer 27

1. Elements
2. Essential Minerals (Humans)
3. Amino Acids
4. Others
5. Essential Minerals (Plants)

Question 28

Elements

Answer 28

• organisms require a range of chemical elements

- essential elements: can’t complete life cycle without

Question 29

Essential Minerals (Humans)

Answer 29

Obtained through diet.

ex: sodium, calcium, iron etc.

Question 30

Amino Acids

Answer 30

• animals require 20 amino acids

- essential amino acids: must be obtained from diet (rest can be synthesized)

Question 31

Others

Answer 31

• Water and fat: soluble vitamins come straight from diet

- Fatty acids from diet (unsaturated)

Question 32

Essential Minerals (Plants)

Answer 32

• Macronutrients (required in large amounts)
• Micronutrients (required in small amounts)
• Almost all acquired through soil via roots

Question 33

Mineral Uptake - Plants

Answer 33

• an active process

- proton pumps!

Question 34

Proton Pumps

Answer 34

Roots pump H out of cytosol, leaving it electrically negative and slightly alkaline

• cations enter passively
• anions co-transported with H
• after h2o, N is typically the next limiting element