Chapter 22

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

• 384-322 B.C.
• Scala Natural: classified on a scale of increasing complexity.
• Believed species to be perfect and permanent.

Question 2

Carolus Linnaes

Answer 2

• Father of modern technology (1758)
• Grouped species into a hierarchy of increasingly general categories based on similarity
• binomial naming system ex: homo sapiens

Question 3

James Hutton

Answer 3

• Gradualism (1795)

- Believed that land was formed by processes that are currently acting on the planet

Question 4

Malthus

Answer 4

• Published “Essay on the Principle of Population” in 1798.

- Argued that much of human suffering (disease, famine, war etc,) was an unescapable human consequence.

Question 5

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 5

• Father of evolutionary theory (1809)
• compared extant fossil species and recognized lines of descent (evolutionary change)
• “USE AND DISUSE”: used body parts become larger and stronger, others deteriorate
• “INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAITS”: Modification acquired during lifetime passed to offspring

Question 6

George Cuvier

Answer 6

• Father of Paleontology (1812)
• extensive studies of vertebrate fossils
• “Earth is too young for evolution to occur catastrophism.

Question 7

Charles Lyell

Answer 7

• Uniformitarianism (1803)

- Geological processes are uniforms; rates and effects balance over time

Question 8

Charles Darwin

Answer 8

• Travels around the world on HMS Beagle
• Galapagos Islands
• Artificial Selection: “I soon perceived that selection was the keystone of man’s success in making useful races of animals and plants”
• Natural Selection

Question 9

Natural Selection

Answer 9

1. Mechanism:
   - members of a population vary in heritable traits
   - organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support; many fail to survive and reproduce
2. Inferences:
   - individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing leave more offspring
   - unequal survival and reproduction leads to the accumulation of favourable traits

Question 10

The Origin of Species (Darwin)

Answer 10

• Species arose from a succession of ancestors - “descent with modification”
• Life is unified through a succession
• Descendants live in varied habitats and accumulate adaptations to suit through natural selection
• If the environment changes or individuals move, natural selection may result in adaptation and could eventually result in new species

Question 11

The Evidence of Evolution is Overwhelming (4)

Answer 11

1. Fossil Record shows a progression of species through time
2. Biogeographical patterns of species distribution
3. Examples of natural selection are known in nature
   - ex: drug resistance in bacteria
4. Homology of features among different organisms
   - ex: skeletal features among all mammals