Chapter 29 Flashcards
Algae (2)
- All photosynthetic eukaryotes except land plants
- Roughly 50% of the primary productivity on earth
Algae vs. Aquatic Plants (2)
- Different Evolutionary Lineages
- Aquatic plants are ‘land plants’ - Morphology/Anatomy
- Algae are non-vascular and lack true roots, while aquatic plants have specialized tissue development and roots
What did land plants evolve from?
Green Algae!
3 Shared Traits - Land Plants and Green Algae
Charophytes
- Rings of cellulose
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Phragmoplast Formation: microtubules organize the production of the cell plate in dividing cell
5 Challenges of Living on Land
- Gravity
- lining for support/structure - Dessiciation
- waxy surfaces, cells to protect gametes and spores - Dispersal
- adaptations for gametes and spores - CO2 abundant but waxy surfaces impede absorption
- pores for gas exchange - Light Abundant but Competitive
- vascular tissue moves resources around
Origin of Non-Vascular Plants - Derived Traits (5)
- Roots and shoots: apical growth through the continued division of specialized cells
- Alternation of generations: dominated by gametophyte in nonvascular plants
- Multicellular Gametangia
- Multicellular dependent embryos - multicellular diploid zygote retained and nourished by female gametophyte
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular Gametangia (2)
Antheridia: sperm
Archegonia: egg surrounded by protective cells; fertilization takes place within archegonium
Highlights of Plant Evolution (2)
- Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)
- Seedless Vascular Plants
* Diagram on slides
Non-Vascular Plants
-life cycle dominated by gametophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants (3)
- First plants to grow tall
- Vascular Tissue
- Sporophyte dominant but still dependent on H2O for sperm dispersal
Vascular Tissue (5)
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Roots
- Leaves
- Sporophylls
Xylem
Tracheids (tube-shaped cells)
- walls contain lignin (strength)
- conducts water and minerals up from roots
Phloem
Cells arranged into tubes
- plants can get taller
- move organic products throughout the plant
Roots
Lignified & penetrate soil
- absorbs nutrients
- anchors plants
- storage
Leaves
Surface area for photosynthesis and CO2 capture