Chapter 30

Question 1

A Seed =

Answer 1

“An embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering”

Question 2

Gymnosperms (2)

Answer 2

1. ‘Naked’ seeds (not enclosed in ovaries)
   - Sporophylls (modified leaves bearing sporangia) typically clustered to form cones
2. Four Major Groups

Question 3

4 Major Gymnosperm Groups

Answer 3

1. Cycadophyta
2. Gnetophyta
3. Ginkgophyta
4. Coniferophyta
   * textbook*

Question 4

Gametophyte Reduction (6)

Answer 4

1. Sporophytes evolved innovations for dry environments, gametophytes did not
2. Gametophytes reduced and dependent on sporophyte
   - protect from UV rays and provide nutrients
3. Megaspore Production
4. Microspore Production

Question 5

Megaspore Production (4)

Answer 5

1. Ovulate cone = cluster of megasphorylls
2. Ovules = integuments, and megasporangium
3. Megasporocytes produce four haploid megaspores (one survives)
4. Megaspore not dispersed
   - Female gametophyte develops within megasporangium

Question 6

Microspore Production (3)

Answer 6

1. Pollen cone = cluster of microsporophylls
2. Microsporocytes produce four haploid microspores
3. Microspores mature as pollen grains; two-celled male gametophyte in sporopollen
   * DIAGRAM*

Question 7

Angiosperms (2)

Answer 7

1. Produce flowers and seeds in fruit (seeds enclosed in mature ovaries)
2. > 250,000 extant species

Question 8

Flowers + 4 Components

Answer 8

• Special structures for sexual reproduction
  1. Sepals: protect developing flower
  2. Petals: help attract pollinators
  3. Stamens: modified microsporophylls (filaments and anthers)
  4. Carpel: modified macrosporophylls (stigma, style and ovary)

Question 9

Fruits

Answer 9

Fertilized ovules mature into seeds, surrounding ovary develops into fruit