Chapter 28 Flashcards
1
Q
Protists (General Term) (3)
A
- Most are unicellular, some colonial and multicellular
- More structural and functional diversity than other eukaryotes (all functions carried out by organelles)
- Do not represent a monophyletic group
2
Q
Nutritional Diversity of Protists (3)
A
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoheterotrophs
- Mixotrophs - photoautotrophy and chemoheterotrophy
3
Q
Protists - 4 Eukaryotic Supergroups
A
- Excavata
- SAR Clade
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
4
Q
- Excavata (3 Sub-Groups)
A
- Diplomonads/Parabasalids
- Euglenozoa
5
Q
Diplomonads/Parabasalids (4)
A
- No plastids
- Modified mitochondria
- Many prefer anaerobic environments
- Many are parasites
6
Q
Euglenozoa (3)
A
- Proteinaceous plates (pellicles)
- Photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, chemoheterotrophs
- Flagella: internal crystalline rod & rows of stiff hairs (pulls cells)
7
Q
- SAR Clade (3 Sub-Groups)
A
- Stramenopiles
- Alveolates
- Rhizarians
8
Q
Stramenopiles (3)
A
- Two flagella; one with fine hairlike projections, other smooth; sometimes only found on reproductive structures
- Many cells found in the ocean - doubles every day
- Extracted for energy production - released more rapidly when buried
9
Q
Stramenopiles Sub-Groups (3)
A
- Diatoms
- Golden Algae
- Brown Algae
10
Q
Diatoms (5)
A
- highly diverse
- unicellular and colonial
- Silica Frustules: counteracts with spines and lipids
- 25% of the primary productivity on Earth
- fossil deposits mined for diatomaceous earth
11
Q
Golden Algae (3)
A
- unicellular and complex colonies
- resistant cysts
- indicator fossils (cysts) to predict past climate change
12
Q
Brown Algae (5)
A
- multicellular, mostly marine
- thallus: body
- holdfast: anchor
- stripe: stemlike
- blade: leaflike
13
Q
Alveolates
A
- Series of sacs (alveoli) under plasma membranes
- Come back to Figure 28.1 in the textbook!
14
Q
Alveolates Sub-Groups (2)
A
- Dinoflagellates
2. Apicomplexans
15
Q
Dinoflagellates (2)
A
- heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photosynthetic
- ex: red tides
16
Q
Apicomplexans (4)
A
- apical complex for penetrating host tissues
- mostly parasites of animals (multiple hosts)
- only ancestrally photosynthetic
- plasmodium = malaria
17
Q
Rhizarians (2)
A
- Many species in this group are amoebas that feed using pseudopodia
- Also includes flagellated mon-amoeboid protists that also feed with pseudopodia
18
Q
Rhizarians Sub-Group
A
Foraminiferans
19
Q
Foraminiferans (5)
A
- have porous shells called tests
- single-celled but up to several cms
- pseudopodia extend through pores to aid swimming and feeding
- abundant in the fossil record
- informs studies on past climate
20
Q
- Archaeplastida (3)
A
- Includes red algae, chlorophytes, charophytes, and land plants
- unicellular and multicellular
- the base of the food web in many aquatic communities
21
Q
Archaeplastida Sub-Groups (3)
A
- Red Algae
- Chlorophytes
- Charophytes
22
Q
Red Algae (3)
A
- no flagellated gametes at any stage of their life cycle
- 6000 species, mostly marine
- typically smaller
23
Q
Chlorophytes
A
-Have a chloroplast structure similar to land plants
24
Q
Charophytes
A
-Most closely related to land plants
25
Q
- Unikonta
A
- Currently argued whether or not this is actually the first lineage to diverge from other eukaryotes
- Slime Molds
26
Q
Slime Molds (3)
A
- large, but still a single cell
- divided by plasma membranes and has many nuclei
- many mitotic nuclear divisions that are not followed by cytokinesis
