Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

Question 1

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Answer 1

1. Provide Physical Protection 2. Control Permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce Specialized Secretions

Question 2

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

Swelling, redness, heat, pain

Question 3

Four tissue types

Answer 3

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Question 4

Five characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

Question 5

Tissues

Answer 5

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions

Question 6

Histology

Answer 6

Study of tissues

Question 7

Epithelium

Answer 7

Layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces

Question 8

Glands

Answer 8

Structures that produce fluid secretions

Question 9

Apical surface

Answer 9

Exposed cell surface

Question 10

Basal surface

Answer 10

Attached cell surface

Question 11

Avascular

Answer 11

Lack blood vessels

Question 12

Microvilli

Answer 12

Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on cell surfaces that greatly increase the surface area of the cell exposed to the extracellular environment

Question 13

Cilia

Answer 13

Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane

Question 14

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Answer 14

Transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of opposing plasma membranes

Question 15

Gap junction

Answer 15

Two cells held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons that form a cylinder with a central pore

Question 16

Tight junction

Answer 16

Lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins - largely prevents water and solutes from passing between cells

Question 17

Desmosome

Answer 17

Where cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes - very strong

Question 18

Lumen

Answer 18

Space inside a tube

Question 19

Stem cells

Answer 19

Relatively unspecialized; reproduce freely to produce specialized daughter cells

Question 20

Simple epithelium

Answer 20

Only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane

Question 21

Stratified epithelium

Answer 21

Several layers of cells cover the basement membrane

Question 22

Squamous epithelium

Answer 22

Thin, flat cells that are somewhat irregular in shape

Question 23

Keratin

Answer 23

Tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses, and the general integumentary surface

Question 24

Endothelium

Answer 24

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

Question 25

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 25

Cells resemble hexagonal boxes; provide limited protection and occur where secretion or absorption take place

Question 26

Columnar epithelium

Answer 26

Appear rectangular, found where absorption or secretion take place; are sometimes cilliated

Question 27

Transitional epithelium

Answer 27

Unusual stratified epithelium; tolerates repeated cycles of stretch and recoiling

Question 28

Endocrine gland

Answer 28

Release secretions into the interstitial fluid

Question 29

Exocrine gland

Answer 29

Release their secretions into ducts that open onto epithelial surface

Question 30

Merocrine gland

Answer 30

Gland which ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis (salivary glands)

Question 31

Apocrine

Answer 31

Involves the loss of ctoplasm as wel as the secretory product (mammar glands)

Question 32

Holocrine gland

Answer 32

Destroys the gland cell (sebaceous glands)

Question 33

Matrix

Answer 33

Extracellular fibers and ground substance

Question 34

Fibroblast

Answer 34

Create protein fibers

Question 35

Fibrocytes

Answer 35

Maintain protein fibers

Question 36

Adipocytes

Answer 36

Fat cells

Question 37

Mesenchymal cells

Answer 37

Stem cells present in connective tissues

Question 38

Macrophages

Answer 38

Large phagocytic cells that engulf damaged cells or pathogens

Question 39

Mast cells

Answer 39

Small, mobile connective tissue cells that are common near blood vessels active in inflammatory response

Question 40

Histamine

Answer 40

Stimulates local inflamation

Question 41

Heparin

Answer 41

Anticoagulant released by activated basophils and mast cells

Question 42

Melanocytes

Answer 42

Synthesize and store melanin

Question 43

Melanin

Answer 43

Gives tissues pigment

Question 44

Collagen fibers

Answer 44

Most common fibers in connective tissue; long, straight, unbranched

Question 45

Reticular fibers

Answer 45

Thinner than collagen fibers, form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible

Question 46

Elastic fibers

Answer 46

Branced and wavy, return to their original length after stretching

Question 47

Connective tissue proper

Answer 47

Contains a variety of connective tissues that include loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues

Question 48

Fluid connective tissues

Answer 48

Blood and lymph

Question 49

Supporting connective tissues

Answer 49

Less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper, matrix with more densely packed fibers; protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or all of the body (cartilage and bone)

Question 50

Loose connective tissue

Answer 50

"Packing materials" - Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Question 51

Areolar tissue

Answer 51

Least specialized tissue, contains cells and fibers in a very loosely organized array; open framework

Question 52

Adipose tissue

Answer 52

Fat; provides padding, absorbs shocks, acts as an insulator, acts as packing or filler around structures

Question 53

Reticular tissue

Answer 53

Supports functional cells of organs

Question 54

Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 54

Collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue

Question 55

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 55

No consistent patter, strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions

Question 56

Tendons

Answer 56

Attach skeletal muscles to bones

Question 57

Ligaments

Answer 57

Connect bones to bones or stabilize the positions of internal organs

Question 58

Regeneration

Answer 58

Repair process that restores normal function after inflammation has subsided

Question 59

Inflammation

Answer 59

Nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level; characterized by swelling, redness, heat, pain

Question 60

Necrosis

Answer 60

The death of cells or tissues from disease or injury

Question 61

Pus

Answer 61

Collection of debris, fulid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components

Question 62

Abscess

Answer 62

Accumulation of pus in an enclosed space