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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Provide Physical Protection 2. Control Permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce Specialized Secretions
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2
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Swelling, redness, heat, pain

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3
Q

Four tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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4
Q

Five characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

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5
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions

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6
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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7
Q

Epithelium

A

Layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces

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8
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions

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9
Q

Apical surface

A

Exposed cell surface

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10
Q

Basal surface

A

Attached cell surface

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11
Q

Avascular

A

Lack blood vessels

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on cell surfaces that greatly increase the surface area of the cell exposed to the extracellular environment

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13
Q

Cilia

A

Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of opposing plasma membranes

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15
Q

Gap junction

A

Two cells held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons that form a cylinder with a central pore

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16
Q

Tight junction

A

Lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins - largely prevents water and solutes from passing between cells

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17
Q

Desmosome

A

Where cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes - very strong

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18
Q

Lumen

A

Space inside a tube

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19
Q

Stem cells

A

Relatively unspecialized; reproduce freely to produce specialized daughter cells

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20
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane

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21
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Several layers of cells cover the basement membrane

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22
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Thin, flat cells that are somewhat irregular in shape

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23
Q

Keratin

A

Tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses, and the general integumentary surface

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24
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

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25
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Cells resemble hexagonal boxes; provide limited protection and occur where secretion or absorption take place

26
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Appear rectangular, found where absorption or secretion take place; are sometimes cilliated

27
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Unusual stratified epithelium; tolerates repeated cycles of stretch and recoiling

28
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Release secretions into the interstitial fluid

29
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Release their secretions into ducts that open onto epithelial surface

30
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Gland which ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis (salivary glands)

31
Q

Apocrine

A

Involves the loss of ctoplasm as wel as the secretory product (mammar glands)

32
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Destroys the gland cell (sebaceous glands)

33
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular fibers and ground substance

34
Q

Fibroblast

A

Create protein fibers

35
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Maintain protein fibers

36
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

37
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells present in connective tissues

38
Q

Macrophages

A

Large phagocytic cells that engulf damaged cells or pathogens

39
Q

Mast cells

A

Small, mobile connective tissue cells that are common near blood vessels active in inflammatory response

40
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates local inflamation

41
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant released by activated basophils and mast cells

42
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize and store melanin

43
Q

Melanin

A

Gives tissues pigment

44
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Most common fibers in connective tissue; long, straight, unbranched

45
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thinner than collagen fibers, form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible

46
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Branced and wavy, return to their original length after stretching

47
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Contains a variety of connective tissues that include loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues

48
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Blood and lymph

49
Q

Supporting connective tissues

A

Less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper, matrix with more densely packed fibers; protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or all of the body (cartilage and bone)

50
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

“Packing materials” - Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

51
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Least specialized tissue, contains cells and fibers in a very loosely organized array; open framework

52
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat; provides padding, absorbs shocks, acts as an insulator, acts as packing or filler around structures

53
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Supports functional cells of organs

54
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue

55
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

No consistent patter, strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions

56
Q

Tendons

A

Attach skeletal muscles to bones

57
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to bones or stabilize the positions of internal organs

58
Q

Regeneration

A

Repair process that restores normal function after inflammation has subsided

59
Q

Inflammation

A

Nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level; characterized by swelling, redness, heat, pain

60
Q

Necrosis

A

The death of cells or tissues from disease or injury

61
Q

Pus

A

Collection of debris, fulid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components

62
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in an enclosed space

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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