Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization - Part 2 Flashcards
Acid
A solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution, therefore lowers pH - proton donor
Active sites
Groove on an enzyme into which one or more substrates nestle
Adenine
A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond
Amino acid
Organic compounds made up of C H O and N; building blocks of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R-CHNH2-COOH
Base
A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution, raising the pH - proton acceptor
Buffer
Any chemical that resists changes in pH - usually a weak acid or base - that will neutralize either strong acid or strong base
Carbohydrates
Organic molecule that contains carbon”,” hydrogen”,” and oxygen in a ration near 1:2:1
Chemical reaction
Where new chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken
Complementary bases
Combinations A-T and C-G
Cytosine
A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA
Denaturation
A temporary or permanent change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein that makes it nonfunctional
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined together
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; encodes genetic information including all information needed to build proteins
Double helix
Shape of DNA; resembles a spiral staircase with each step corresponding to one complementary base pair
Electrolytes
Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
Electrons
One of the three fundamental subatomic particles; has a negative charge and normally orbits the protons of the nucleus
Fatty acids
Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached - one end of the carbon chain is always attached to a carboxyl group
Glucose
Most important metabolic fuel in the body
Glycerol
Modified simple sugar that is the base upon which glycerides are built
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules
Guanine
A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA
Hydrogen bond
A weak interaction between the hudrogen atom on one molecule and a negatively charged portion of another molecule