Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization - Part 2

Question 1

Acid

Answer 1

A solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution, therefore lowers pH - proton donor

Question 2

Active sites

Answer 2

Groove on an enzyme into which one or more substrates nestle

Question 3

Adenine

Answer 3

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

Question 4

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 4

A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond

Question 5

Amino acid

Answer 5

Organic compounds made up of C H O and N; building blocks of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R-CHNH2-COOH

Question 6

Base

Answer 6

A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution, raising the pH - proton acceptor

Question 7

Buffer

Answer 7

Any chemical that resists changes in pH - usually a weak acid or base - that will neutralize either strong acid or strong base

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Organic molecule that contains carbon”,” hydrogen”,” and oxygen in a ration near 1:2:1

Question 9

Chemical reaction

Answer 9

Where new chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken

Question 10

Complementary bases

Answer 10

Combinations A-T and C-G

Question 11

Cytosine

Answer 11

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

Question 12

Denaturation

Answer 12

A temporary or permanent change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein that makes it nonfunctional

Question 13

Disaccharides

Answer 13

Two monosaccharides joined together

Question 14

DNA

Answer 14

Deoxyribonucleic acid; encodes genetic information including all information needed to build proteins

Question 15

Double helix

Answer 15

Shape of DNA; resembles a spiral staircase with each step corresponding to one complementary base pair

Question 16

Electrolytes

Answer 16

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Question 17

Electrons

Answer 17

One of the three fundamental subatomic particles; has a negative charge and normally orbits the protons of the nucleus

Question 18

Fatty acids

Answer 18

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached - one end of the carbon chain is always attached to a carboxyl group

Question 19

Glucose

Answer 19

Most important metabolic fuel in the body

Question 20

Glycerol

Answer 20

Modified simple sugar that is the base upon which glycerides are built

Question 21

Glycogen

Answer 21

A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules

Question 22

Guanine

Answer 22

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

Question 23

Hydrogen bond

Answer 23

A weak interaction between the hudrogen atom on one molecule and a negatively charged portion of another molecule

Question 24

Hydrophilic

Answer 24

Freely associating with water; readily entering into solution; water-loving

Question 25

Hydrophobic

Answer 25

Incapable of freely associating with water molecules; insoluble; water-fearing

Question 26

Ionization

Answer 26

The breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Organic compound containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that does not approximate 1:2:1; includes fats"," oils"," and waxes

Question 28

Monosaccharaide

Answer 28

Carbohydrate with three to seven carbon atoms

Question 29

Neutrons

Answer 29

A fundamental article that does not have a positive or negative charge

Question 30

Nonpolar molecule

Answer 30

Lipids - hydrophobic, nonsoluble bonds

Question 31

Nucleic acids

Answer 31

Consist of one or two long chains that are formed by dehydration synthesis, the individual subunits of the chain being called nucleotides

Question 32

Peptide bonds

Answer 32

A covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxy group of another

Question 33

pH

Answer 33

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution; greater concentration of H+ is acidic

Question 34

Phospholipids

Answer 34

An important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 35

Polar molecule

Answer 35

Molecule with positive and negative ends

Question 36

Polysaccharides

Answer 36

Simple sugars; complex sugar made of joined mono- and disaccharides

Question 37

Protein

Answer 37

A large polypeptide with a complex structure

Question 38

Protons

Answer 38

A fundamental subatomic particle having a positive charge

Question 39

Quaternary structure

Answer 39

The three-dimensional protein structure produced by interactions between protein subunits

Question 40

Salt

Answer 40

Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Question 41

Saturated

Answer 41

Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds

Question 42

Solutes

Answer 42

Any materials dissoved in a solution

Question 43

Solution

Answer 43

A uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 44

Solvent

Answer 44

The liquid in which other atoms ions or molecules are distributed

Question 45

Starch

Answer 45

Large polysaccharides formed from glucose molecules; most are manufactured by plants; major dietary energy source

Question 46

Steroids

Answer 46

A ring-shaped lipid structurally related to cholesterol

Question 47

Substrate

Answer 47

A participant (product or reactant) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Question 48

Sucrose

Answer 48

Table sugar; disaccharide

Question 49

Tertiary structure

Answer 49

The protein structure that results from interactions among distant portions of the same molecule; complex coiling and folding

Question 50

Thymine

Answer 50

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in DNA

Question 51

Triglycerides

Answer 51

Glycerol and fatty acids; lipids that are composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids

Question 52

Unsaturated

Answer 52

One or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms have been replaced by a double covalent bond

Question 53

Uracil

Answer 53

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA

Question 54

Important ratio in carbohydrates

Answer 54

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 55

pH of human blood

Answer 55

7.35 to 7.45

Question 56

Polypeptide

Answer 56

Amino acid

Question 57

Seven main functions of proteins

Answer 57

Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense

Question 58

Glycoproteins

Answer 58

Large protein + small carbohydrate, includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production

Question 59

Proteoglycans

Answer 59

Large carbohydrate + small protein, includes mucus - promotes viscosity