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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acid

A

A solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution, therefore lowers pH - proton donor

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2
Q

Active sites

A

Groove on an enzyme into which one or more substrates nestle

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3
Q

Adenine

A

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

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4
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond

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5
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic compounds made up of C H O and N; building blocks of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R-CHNH2-COOH

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6
Q

Base

A

A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution, raising the pH - proton acceptor

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7
Q

Buffer

A

Any chemical that resists changes in pH - usually a weak acid or base - that will neutralize either strong acid or strong base

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecule that contains carbon”,” hydrogen”,” and oxygen in a ration near 1:2:1

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9
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Where new chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken

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10
Q

Complementary bases

A

Combinations A-T and C-G

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11
Q

Cytosine

A

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

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12
Q

Denaturation

A

A temporary or permanent change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein that makes it nonfunctional

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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14
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; encodes genetic information including all information needed to build proteins

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15
Q

Double helix

A

Shape of DNA; resembles a spiral staircase with each step corresponding to one complementary base pair

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16
Q

Electrolytes

A

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

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17
Q

Electrons

A

One of the three fundamental subatomic particles; has a negative charge and normally orbits the protons of the nucleus

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18
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached - one end of the carbon chain is always attached to a carboxyl group

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19
Q

Glucose

A

Most important metabolic fuel in the body

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20
Q

Glycerol

A

Modified simple sugar that is the base upon which glycerides are built

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21
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules

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22
Q

Guanine

A

A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak interaction between the hudrogen atom on one molecule and a negatively charged portion of another molecule

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24
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Freely associating with water; readily entering into solution; water-loving

25
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Incapable of freely associating with water molecules; insoluble; water-fearing

26
Q

Ionization

A

The breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions

27
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compound containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that does not approximate 1:2:1; includes fats”,” oils”,” and waxes

28
Q

Monosaccharaide

A

Carbohydrate with three to seven carbon atoms

29
Q

Neutrons

A

A fundamental article that does not have a positive or negative charge

30
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Lipids - hydrophobic, nonsoluble bonds

31
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Consist of one or two long chains that are formed by dehydration synthesis, the individual subunits of the chain being called nucleotides

32
Q

Peptide bonds

A

A covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxy group of another

33
Q

pH

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution; greater concentration of H+ is acidic

34
Q

Phospholipids

A

An important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

35
Q

Polar molecule

A

Molecule with positive and negative ends

36
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Simple sugars; complex sugar made of joined mono- and disaccharides

37
Q

Protein

A

A large polypeptide with a complex structure

38
Q

Protons

A

A fundamental subatomic particle having a positive charge

39
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The three-dimensional protein structure produced by interactions between protein subunits

40
Q

Salt

A

Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

41
Q

Saturated

A

Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds

42
Q

Solutes

A

Any materials dissoved in a solution

43
Q

Solution

A

A uniform mixture of two or more substances

44
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid in which other atoms ions or molecules are distributed

45
Q

Starch

A

Large polysaccharides formed from glucose molecules; most are manufactured by plants; major dietary energy source

46
Q

Steroids

A

A ring-shaped lipid structurally related to cholesterol

47
Q

Substrate

A

A participant (product or reactant) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

48
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar; disaccharide

49
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The protein structure that results from interactions among distant portions of the same molecule; complex coiling and folding

50
Q

Thymine

A

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in DNA

51
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol and fatty acids; lipids that are composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids

52
Q

Unsaturated

A

One or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms have been replaced by a double covalent bond

53
Q

Uracil

A

A pyrimidine; one of the nitrogenous bases in RNA

54
Q

Important ratio in carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

55
Q

pH of human blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

56
Q

Polypeptide

A

Amino acid

57
Q

Seven main functions of proteins

A

Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense

58
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Large protein + small carbohydrate, includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production

59
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Large carbohydrate + small protein, includes mucus - promotes viscosity

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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