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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of interphase

A

G0 phase — specialized cell functions only
G1 phase — cell grows, duplicates organelles
S(ynthesis) phase — DNA replication
G2 phase — finishes proteins necessary to undergo mitosis and centriole replication

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2
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes 2. Nuclear envelope disappears 3. Centriole pairs move to cell poles and form the mitotic spindles to separate DNA
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3
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in a central plane

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

Microtubules pull chromosomes apart

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5
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Nuclear membranes re-form 2. Chromosomes decondense 3. Spindle apparatus is dismantled
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6
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

Occurs during telophase, marked by the appearance of the cleavage furrow, but is actually a separate process

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7
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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8
Q

Passive transport

A

Move ions of molecules across the plasma membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cell

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Requires that the cell expend energy, generally in the form of ATP

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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11
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Permits the free passage of some materials and restricts the passage of others

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12
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference between the high and low concentrations of a substance

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13
Q

Five factors which influence diffusion rates

A

Distance, molecule size, temperature, concentration gradient, and electical forces

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14
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Materials (lipid-soluble and dissolved gases) diffuse directly through plasma membrane

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15
Q

Channel-mediated diffusion

A

A concentration gradient drives movement of solute through a transmembrane channel protein

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane

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17
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Fluid pressure

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18
Q

Osmolarity

A

Osmotic concentration; the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution

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19
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution that does not cause an osmotic flow into or out of a cell

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20
Q

Hypotonic

A

In comparing two solutions, the solution with the lower osmolarity; fewer solutes; loses water through osmosis

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21
Q

Hypertonic

A

In comparing two solutions, the solution with the higher osmolarity; more solutes; gains water through osmosis

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22
Q

Hemolysis

A

Cell ruptures

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23
Q

Crenation

A

The shrinking of red blood cells ina hypertonic solution

24
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

Integral proteins bind specific ions or organic substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane

25
Q

Cotransport

A

Carrier protein transports two substances in the same direction simultaneously, either into or out of the cell - passive transport

26
Q

Countertransport

A

One substance moves into the cell and other other moves out - passive transport

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier proteins transport substance too large to fit through membrane channels - passive transport

28
Q

Sodium-potassium ATPase

A

Carrier protein involved in sodium-potassium exchange process - active transport

29
Q

Secondary active transport

A

The transport mechanism itself does not require energy from ATP, but the cell often needs to expend ATP at a later time to preserve homeostasis

30
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Materials move into or out of the cell in vesicles - active transport

31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular materials are packaged in vesicles at the cell surface and imported into the cell - active transport

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Vesciles form at the plasma membrane to bring solid particles into the cell - active transport

33
Q

Exocytosis

A

Intracellular cesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release fluids and/or solids from the cells - active transport

34
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Membrane potential in an undistrubed cell; between -10mV and -100mV in humans

35
Q

Interphase

A

The nondividing period

36
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

37
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

38
Q

Cell division

A

A form of cellular reproduction where a single cell divides to produce a pair of daughter cells

39
Q

Daughter cells

A

Genetically identical cells produced by somatic cell division

40
Q

Apoptosis

A

Genetically controlled death of cells

41
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of sperm and oocyte

42
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand and complementary DNA nucleotides dissolved in the nucleoplasm

43
Q

Leading strand

A

The upper leding strand where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to make a single, continuous complementary copy

44
Q

Lagging strand

A

The lower lagging strand where the DNA polymerase works from left to right, adding nucleotides in sections

45
Q

Replication fork

A

Place where helicase enzymes unwind the strands of the template DNA and disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the bases

46
Q

Tumor

A

Mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division

47
Q

Metastasis

A

Dispersion of malignant tumor cells

48
Q

Cancer

A

Illness that results from the abnormal proliferation of any of the cells in the body

49
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cells that no longer respond to normal growth controls

50
Q

Benign tumor

A

Cells where cell division and growth exceed the rate of cell death, but are contained within the epithelium or a connective tissue capsule

51
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzymes which splice together the two DNA segments of the lagging strand

52
Q

DNA helicase

A

Enzyme that splits open the replication fork by unwiding the DNA strands and disrupting the hydrogen bonds

53
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Middle of the cell

54
Q

Diploid

A

Two complete sets - ie, two sets of 23 chromosomes

55
Q

Haploid

A

One set - ie, 23 chromosomes in sperm and oocytes

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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