Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sex cells

A

Either sperm or oocytes; reproductive cells or germ cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells ther than sex cells in the homan body

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates cytoplasm from interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails together; barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid

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7
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position

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8
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Identifiers; label cells as normal or abnormal

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze reactions

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10
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands that trigger changes in the activity of the cell

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11
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Channels

A

Form passageways completely through the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate portions of complex membranes that extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane

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14
Q

Integral proteins

A

Part of the plasma membrane structure that cannot be separated from it without damaging or destryoing the membrane

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15
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to the inner or orter surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Cell structures with specific functions; perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning normally

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strenth and flexibility

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18
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest of the cytoskeletal elements; anchor the cytoskeleton, determin the consistency of the cytoplasm, can produce movement

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

Form the main portions of the cytoskeleton, change the shape of the cell, move vesicles or other organelles within the cells

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20
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase the surface area of the cell for absorption

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21
Q

Centrosome

A

Region of cytoplasm that contains a pair of centrioles oriented at right angles to one another;

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22
Q

Centrioles

A

Form spindle apparatus needed for the movement of DNA strands during cell division

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluids across the cell surface; move only in one direction

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24
Q

Flagella

A

Similar to cilia, longer and beat differently; only found on sperm in humans

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25
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles responsible for building polypeptides in protein synthesis

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26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sythesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; stores molecules; transports materials; absorbs drugs or toxins and neutralizes them

27
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membranous sacs that pinch off from the tips of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle that modifies and packages secretions; renew or modifies the plasma membrane; packages special enzymes within vesicles

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

Powerful enzyme-containing vesicles; clean up inside cells, are responsible for autolysis

30
Q

Autolysis

A

The destruction of a cell due to the rupture of lysosomal membranes in its cytoplasm

31
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Organelle that absorbs and breaks down fatty acids and other organic compounds

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that generates most of the ATP necessary for cell operation

33
Q

Cristae

A

Folds on the mitochndrial membrane which surrounds the matrix

34
Q

ADP / ATP

A

Adenosine diphosphate / adenosine triphosphate

35
Q

Glycolysis

A

Reaction sequence where a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate

36
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Enzymatic pathway that breaks down the absorbed pyruvate

37
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, by pyruvate; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen

38
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic metabolism

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins

40
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Channel through which communication takes place between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

41
Q

Nucleoli

A

Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribsomal RNA

42
Q

Histones

A

Proteins associated with the DNA of the nucleus; the DNA strands are wound around them

43
Q

Chromatin

A

Histological term referring to the grainy mateiral visible in cell nulcei during interphase; the appearance fo the DNA content of the nucleus when the chromosomes are uncoiled

44
Q

Chromosomes

A

Dense tructures composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis

45
Q

Genetic code

A

Chemical language used by cells

46
Q

Triplet code

A

Sequence of three nitrogenous bases representing a single amino acid

47
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of heredity

48
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme responsible for completion of DNA to RNA transcription

49
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

50
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA strand small enough to leavev the nucleus and cary information to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

51
Q

Coding strand

A

The strand containing the triplets that specify the sequence of amina acids in the polypeptide

52
Q

Template strand

A

Contains completmentary triplets to the coding strand used as a template for mRNA production

53
Q

Codon

A

Three base mRNA sequence corresponding to a DNA triplet

54
Q

Anticodon

A

Three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule that interact with a complementary codon on a strand of mRNA

55
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Small and movile type of RNA; each molecule binds and delivers a specific type of amino acid

56
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent changes in a cell’s DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes

57
Q

Six types of membrane proteins

A

Anchoring proteins (stabilizers), recognition proteins (identifiers), enzymes, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, channels

58
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

59
Q

Six types of nonmembranous organelles

A

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes

60
Q

Five types of membranous organelles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

61
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes attached, detoxifies drugs and toxins in the liver, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

62
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Surface covered with ribosomes; active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis, folds polypeptide protein structures, encloses products in transport vesicles

63
Q

3 Steps to Mitochondrial Energy Production

A

Glycolysis - Glucose to pyruvic acid (occurs in cytosol)
Citric acid cycle - Pyruvic acid to CO2 (occurs in matrix)
Electron transport chain - inner mitochondrial membrane