Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 1 Flashcards
Sex cells
Either sperm or oocytes; reproductive cells or germ cells
Somatic cells
All cells ther than sex cells in the homan body
Plasma membrane
Separates cytoplasm from interstitial fluid
Cytoplasm
All materials between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails together; barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid
Anchoring proteins
Attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position
Recognition proteins
Identifiers; label cells as normal or abnormal
Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
Receptor proteins
Sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands that trigger changes in the activity of the cell
Carrier proteins
Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane
Channels
Form passageways completely through the plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
Carbohydrate portions of complex membranes that extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane
Integral proteins
Part of the plasma membrane structure that cannot be separated from it without damaging or destryoing the membrane
Peripheral proteins
Bound to the inner or orter surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it
Organelles
Cell structures with specific functions; perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning normally
Cytoskeleton
Internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strenth and flexibility
Microfilaments
Smallest of the cytoskeletal elements; anchor the cytoskeleton, determin the consistency of the cytoplasm, can produce movement
Microtubules
Form the main portions of the cytoskeleton, change the shape of the cell, move vesicles or other organelles within the cells
Microvilli
Increase the surface area of the cell for absorption
Centrosome
Region of cytoplasm that contains a pair of centrioles oriented at right angles to one another;
Centrioles
Form spindle apparatus needed for the movement of DNA strands during cell division
Cilia
Move fluids across the cell surface; move only in one direction
Flagella
Similar to cilia, longer and beat differently; only found on sperm in humans
Ribosomes
Organelles responsible for building polypeptides in protein synthesis