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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level of Organization - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sex cells

A

Either sperm or oocytes; reproductive cells or germ cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells ther than sex cells in the homan body

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates cytoplasm from interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails together; barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid

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7
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position

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8
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Identifiers; label cells as normal or abnormal

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze reactions

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10
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands that trigger changes in the activity of the cell

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11
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Channels

A

Form passageways completely through the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate portions of complex membranes that extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane

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14
Q

Integral proteins

A

Part of the plasma membrane structure that cannot be separated from it without damaging or destryoing the membrane

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15
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to the inner or orter surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Cell structures with specific functions; perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning normally

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strenth and flexibility

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18
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest of the cytoskeletal elements; anchor the cytoskeleton, determin the consistency of the cytoplasm, can produce movement

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

Form the main portions of the cytoskeleton, change the shape of the cell, move vesicles or other organelles within the cells

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20
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase the surface area of the cell for absorption

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21
Q

Centrosome

A

Region of cytoplasm that contains a pair of centrioles oriented at right angles to one another;

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22
Q

Centrioles

A

Form spindle apparatus needed for the movement of DNA strands during cell division

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Move fluids across the cell surface; move only in one direction

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24
Q

Flagella

A

Similar to cilia, longer and beat differently; only found on sperm in humans

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25
Ribosomes
Organelles responsible for building polypeptides in protein synthesis
26
Endoplasmic reticulum
Sythesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; stores molecules; transports materials; absorbs drugs or toxins and neutralizes them
27
Transport vesicles
Small membranous sacs that pinch off from the tips of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
28
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that modifies and packages secretions; renew or modifies the plasma membrane; packages special enzymes within vesicles
29
Lysosomes
Powerful enzyme-containing vesicles; clean up inside cells, are responsible for autolysis
30
Autolysis
The destruction of a cell due to the rupture of lysosomal membranes in its cytoplasm
31
Peroxisomes
Organelle that absorbs and breaks down fatty acids and other organic compounds
32
Mitochondria
Organelles that generates most of the ATP necessary for cell operation
33
Cristae
Folds on the mitochndrial membrane which surrounds the matrix
34
ADP / ATP
Adenosine diphosphate / adenosine triphosphate
35
Glycolysis
Reaction sequence where a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
36
Citric acid cycle
Enzymatic pathway that breaks down the absorbed pyruvate
37
Aerobic metabolism
The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, by pyruvate; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen
38
Cellular respiration
Aerobic metabolism
39
Nucleus
Organelle that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins
40
Nuclear pore
Channel through which communication takes place between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
41
Nucleoli
Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribsomal RNA
42
Histones
Proteins associated with the DNA of the nucleus; the DNA strands are wound around them
43
Chromatin
Histological term referring to the grainy mateiral visible in cell nulcei during interphase; the appearance fo the DNA content of the nucleus when the chromosomes are uncoiled
44
Chromosomes
Dense tructures composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis
45
Genetic code
Chemical language used by cells
46
Triplet code
Sequence of three nitrogenous bases representing a single amino acid
47
Gene
Functional unit of heredity
48
RNA polymerase
Enzyme responsible for completion of DNA to RNA transcription
49
Transcription
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
50
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA strand small enough to leavev the nucleus and cary information to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
51
Coding strand
The strand containing the triplets that specify the sequence of amina acids in the polypeptide
52
Template strand
Contains completmentary triplets to the coding strand used as a template for mRNA production
53
Codon
Three base mRNA sequence corresponding to a DNA triplet
54
Anticodon
Three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule that interact with a complementary codon on a strand of mRNA
55
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Small and movile type of RNA; each molecule binds and delivers a specific type of amino acid
56
Mutation
Permanent changes in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes
57
Six types of membrane proteins
Anchoring proteins (stabilizers), recognition proteins (identifiers), enzymes, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, channels
58
Functions of the plasma membrane
Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support
59
Six types of nonmembranous organelles
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes
60
Five types of membranous organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria
61
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
No ribosomes attached, detoxifies drugs and toxins in the liver, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
62
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Surface covered with ribosomes; active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis, folds polypeptide protein structures, encloses products in transport vesicles
63
3 Steps to Mitochondrial Energy Production
Glycolysis - Glucose to pyruvic acid (occurs in cytosol) Citric acid cycle - Pyruvic acid to CO2 (occurs in matrix) Electron transport chain - inner mitochondrial membrane

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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