Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Describes the structures of the body, what they are made of, and where they are located

Question 2

Medical terminology

Answer 2

Special language involving using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

The study of the functions of anatomical structures, both individual and cooperative

Question 4

Organ system

Answer 4

Groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner to perform a particular function

Question 5

Cytology

Answer 5

The study of the internal structure of individual cells

Question 6

Cells

Answer 6

The simplest units of life, smallest living units in the body

Question 7

Histology

Answer 7

The examination of tissues

Question 8

Tissue

Answer 8

Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

Question 9

Organs

Answer 9

Two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions

Question 10

Scientific method

Answer 10

A system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation

Question 11

Atoms

Answer 11

The smallest stable units of matter

Question 12

Molecules

Answer 12

Chemical structure containing two or more atoms that are bonded together by shared electrons

Question 13

Organism

Answer 13

Highest level of organization

Question 14

Homeostasis

Answer 14

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

Question 15

Homeostatic regulation

Answer 15

The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Question 16

Three components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism

Answer 16

Receptor, control center, effector

Question 17

Receptor

Answer 17

A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

Question 18

Control center

Answer 18

Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

Question 19

Effector

Answer 19

Cell organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus

Question 20

Set point

Answer 20

Desired value

Question 21

Negative feedback

Answer 21

A corrective mechanism that negates the stimulus

Question 22

Positive feedback

Answer 22

A mechanism that enhances a stimulus

Question 23

Disease

Answer 23

Failure of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis

Question 24

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 24

Range of acceptable variation above and below the set point

Question 25

Supine

Answer 25

face up

Question 26

Prone

Answer 26

face down

Question 27

Transverse plane

Answer 27

Separates superior and inferior portions of the body

Question 28

Frontal plane

Answer 28

Separates anterior and posterior portions of the body

Question 29

Sagittal plane

Answer 29

Separates right and left portions of the body

Question 30

Thoracic cavity

Answer 30

Contains two pleural cavities, the pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum

Question 31

Pleural cavity

Answer 31

Body cavities of the thoracic region that surround the lungs

Question 32

Pericardial cavity

Answer 32

Contains the heart

Question 33

Mediastinum

Answer 33

Central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities

Question 34

Abdominal cavity

Answer 34

part of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the hip bones

Question 35

Pelvic cavity

Answer 35

part of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to the abdominal cavity

Question 36

Abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 36

general region bounded by the abdominal wall and the pelvis; contains the peritoneal cavity and visceral organs

Question 37

Diaphragm

Answer 37

the respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 38

Viscera

Answer 38

internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Question 39

Serous membrane

Answer 39

two part membrane with serous fluid in between that: encloses viscera; prevents friction; and provides a safe route for blood vessels nerves and lymphatic tissue

Question 40

Serous fluid

Answer 40

watery secretion that contains high concentrations of enzymes

Question 41

Pleura

Answer 41

the serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities

Question 42

Pericardium

Answer 42

fibrous sac surrounding the heart

Question 43

Peritoneum

Answer 43

Serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity

Question 44

Abdominal cavity

Answer 44

Part of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the hip bones

Question 45

CT scan

Answer 45

Computed tomography scans use computers to reconstruction sectional vies; a single x-ray source rotates around the body and strikes a sensor monitored by the computer

Question 46

MRI scan

Answer 46

Magnetic resonance imaging produces high-contrast images of our soft tissues using magnetism and radio waves which other imaging techniques cannot do.

Question 47

PET scan

Answer 47

Positron emission tomography uses a radioactive tracer to observe metabolic processes.

Question 48

Ultrasound

Answer 48

Imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves that cause echoes when reflected off of body tissues.

Question 49

Name the eleven organ systems.

Answer 49

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive