Chapter 4 The Muscular System Flashcards
Anti-
Against
A-
An-
No, not, without, away from, negative
Asthen-
-asthenia
Weakness, lack of strength
Brady-
Abnormally slow
-cele
Hernia, tumor, swelling
Claudicat/o
Limping
-clonus
Violent action
Condyl/o
Knuckle, knob
Epi-
Above, upon, on
Erg/o
-ergy
Work
Fasci/o
Fascia, fibrous band
Fibr/o
Fibrous tissue, fiber
Flex/o
Bend
Hemi-
Half
Herni/o
Hernia
Hypo-
Deficient, decreased
-ia
Abnormal condition, disease
Intermitt/o
Not continuous
-ion
Action, process, state or condition
Kines/o
Kinesi/o
-kinesia
Movement
Muscul/o
My/o
Myos/o
Muscle
Noct/I
Night
Nom/o
Law, control
Par-
Para-
Beside, near, beyond, abnormal, apart from, opposite, along side of
-paresis
Partial or incomplete paralysis
-plegia
Paralysis, stroke
Sarc/o
Flesh, connective tissue
Tax/o
Coordination, order
Ten/o
Tend/o
Tendin/o
Tendon
Ton/o
Tension, tone, stretching
Tort/I
Twisted
Troph/o
-trophy
Development, nourishment
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Oblique
Slanted or at an angle
Exercise physiologist
Specialist who develops, implements, and coordinates exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
Physiatrist
Specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
Fasciitis
Inflammation of a fascia
Fibromyalgia
Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of sheath surrounding a tendon
Tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive use of the joint
Myorrhaphy
Surgical suturing of a muscle
RICE
Rest, ice, compression, elevation
Tenodesis
Surgical suturing of end of a tendon to a bone
Tenolysis
Release of tendon from adhesions
Tenorrhaphy
Surgical suturing of the divided ends of a tendon
Ergonomics
Study of human factors that affect design and operation of tools and the work environment
Electromyography
Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
Antispasmodic
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
Neuromuscular blocker
Causes temporary paralysis by blocking transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
Myofascial release
Specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, and carpal tunnel syndrome
Occupational therapy
Activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living
Physical therapy
Treatment to prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
Myoparesis
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis
Hemiparesis
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting only one side of the body
Hemiplegia
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body usually associated with brain damage
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs and lower part of body
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
Deep tendon reflex
Tested with reflex hammer; no response indicates disruption of nerve supply to involved muscles
Range of motion testing
Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength; increase strength, flexibility, and mobility
Spinal cord injury
Determined extent of paralysis based on level of vertebra closest to injury
Ganglion cyst
Harmless fluid swelling that occurs most commonly in outer surface of wrist; usually painless and does not require treatment
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of tissues surrounding the elbow
Heel spur
Calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel bone)
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
Sprain
Injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
Shin splint
Painful condition in which muscle is torn away from the tibia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
Impingement syndrome
Occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones in the shoulder joint
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Unknown cause; characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity
Adhesion
Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
Atrophy
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
Myocele
Herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
Hernia
Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
Myolysis
Degeneration of muscle tissue
Polymyositis
Muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles
Atonic
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
Bradykinesia
Extreme slowness in movement
Dystonia
Abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
Hypotonia
Condition in which there is diminished tone of skeletal muscles
Contracture
Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
Intermittent claudication
Pain in leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
Spasmodic torticollis
Stiff neck to due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles
Dyskinesia
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm
Hyperkinesia
Abnormally increased muscle function or activity
Myoclonus
Sudden involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Nocturnal myoclonus
Jerking of limbs that occur normally as a person is falling asleep
Singultus
Hiccups; myoclonus of the diaphragm
Myasthenia gravis
Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Muscular dystrophy
Describes genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting nervous system
Repetitive stress disorders
Muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work activities, or recreations
Sphincter
Ring like muscle that constricts opening of a passageway
Transverse
In a crosswise direction
Circumduction
Circular movement at the far end of a limb
Pronation
Act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm or sole is turned downward or backward
Dorsiflexion
Movement that bends the foot upward at an angle
