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Biology 100 > Chapter 4 The Energy Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 4 The Energy Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the two types of energy and their function?

A

Potential- stored energy

Kinetic- energy being used to do work

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1
Q

What is energy?

A

Ability to do work; move matter.

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2
Q

What are the two laws of energy?

A

First law- energy is never created or destroyed, but, converted into other forms.

Second law- energy transformations are inefficient (due to the loss of energy-heat-at every step that cannot be used).

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3
Q

What is entropy?

A

Randomness or disorder

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4
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical reactions in cells that build new molecules and break down existing ones.

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5
Q

Explain anabolic.

A

Requires energy, builds molecules.
Exp: photosynthesis
dehydration synthesis.

Reduction

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6
Q

Explain catabolic.

A

Releases energy, breaking down molecules.
Exp: cellular respiration
Hydrolysis

Oxidation

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7
Q

What is oxidation-reduction?

A

Transfer of energized electrons from one molecule to another.

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8
Q

What happens with oxidation?

A

Loss of electron (release energy)

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9
Q

What happens in reduction?

A

Gain of electron (require energy).

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10
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

Proteins shuttle electrons along the ETC with energy lost at each step

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11
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

ATP is a nucleotide:
Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
3 phosphate groups (neg charges)

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12
Q

Removing the _______ __________ ______, by hydrolysis releases the potential energy stored in ATP. the cell uses this energy to do work. This creates _____ & ______.

A

End most phosphate group

ADP & energy (free phosphate group)

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13
Q

Which organelle does ATP occur?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

What is coupled reaction?

A

Cells use ATP hydrolysis (release energy), to fuel reactions that require energy input. (Pairing)

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Organic molecule that that speeds a chemical reaction.

Most are protein, some are RNA

16
Q

When ATP donates a phosphate group to a molecule, the recipient may be more likely to _____ or to ______ ______ in a useful way.

A

Bond

Change shape

17
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Reactant in an enzymatic reaction.

18
Q

What is the active site?

A

The region to which the substrate binds (the enzyme).

19
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount if energy required to start a reaction.

20
Q

An enzyme speeds up a Chemical reaction by…

A

Lowering (decreasing) the activation energy

21
Q

What is one way to regulate metabolic pathways? Explain function.

A

Negative feedback, product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls it’s formation.

22
Q

What are the two ways negative feedback works?

Explain.

A

Noncompetitive inhibition (allosteric)- product molecule binds to the enzyme at the location other than the active site, altering the shape so the substrate can no longer bind.

Competitive inhibition- reaction product bids at the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

23
Q

Enzymes normally end with _______.

A

-ase

24
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temp (heat), salt concentration, ph

25
Q

Which of the two requires energy?

Passive or active transport

A

Active

26
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Substance moves across membrane w/o assistance of protein or atp

27
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water diffusing across selective permeable membrane

28
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Substance moves across membrane with assistance of protein

29
Q

What is active transport?

A

Net movement against concentration gradient requires transport protein and energy

30
Q

What are the two transport using vesicles?

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

31
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endo – membrane engulfs substance in draws into cell

Exo – vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing substances outside the cell

32
Q

What is tonicity?

A

(Tone) ability of a solution to cause water movement

33
Q

What is iso tonic solution?

A

Same concentration inside as out of cell

34
Q

What happens with a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse into the cell and cause the cell to swell

35
Q

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves outside of the cell and causes it to shrink

36
Q

What are the two main forms of endocytosis? Explain both.

A

Pinocytosis – cell engulfs fluids and dissolved substances

Phagocytosis – cell captures and Engulfs large particles

Biology 100 (14 decks)

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