Chapter 4 Review

Question 1

Epistemologists

Answer 1

A school of thought that believed experience, scientific study, and induction were effective ways of learning about the world.

Question 2

Epistemologists were primarily a “practical subordinate” focus for rhetoric:

Answer 2

Favored a clear and simple style to clearly communicate scientific discoveries

Question 3

Bacon’s aim of rhetoric

Answer 3

Rhetoric can enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passions, and influence the will

Question 4

Argumentation

Answer 4

The rhetorical process of using reasoned discourse to influence the beliefs of others

Question 5

Refutation

Answer 5

Countering the claims of an arguer with evidence, reasoning, or other techniques.

Question 6

Presumptions (Whately)

Answer 6

“pre-occupation of the ground” by a side in a controversy.

ex. current policy—and those who support it—would have presumption, because the policy currently exists

Question 7

Burden of proof (Whately)

Answer 7

“lies on the side of him who would dispute it”

ex. you want to change the policy, you would have the burden to prove that it should change.

Question 8

Whately’s View of Rhetoric

Answer 8

the art of ‘reasoned discourse,’ as governing that sort of composition in which conclusions are inferred from premises according to the laws of logic

Narrowed rhetoric to a study of argumentation

Question 9

Bacon (17th Century Renaissance)
1st Fallacy

Answer 9

1. Tribe- relates to inherent limitations in the nature of humans to reason and attain knowledge

ex. We are inherently limited in our ability to understand all the issues of an election campaign

Question 10

Second Fallacy (idol)

Answer 10

Cave- points to individual traits that prevent knowing.

ex. we are biased, prejudiced and/or incapable of grasping certain concepts.

Question 11

Third Fallacy (idol)

Answer 11

Marketplace- refers to problems inherent in language that prevent clear communication.

ex. consider examples of when presidential candidates say they are or are not in favor of affirmative action. This term has a wide variety of meanings within our culture, and not all people may use the term in the same way.

Question 12

Fourth Fallacy (idol)

Answer 12

Theatre: refers to fallacies in philosophy and theory that obscure experiential ways of knowing.

ex. The framework we use to think about politics does not always accommodate third parties, and people mistakenly think they only have two choices.

Question 13

Toulmin (1958)

Answer 13

His model for argument construction offered a way to classify and assess arguments
Key parts: Data (or grounds), warrant, claim

Question 14

Data

Answer 14

The facts that serve as the foundation for the claim.

Question 15

Warrant

Answer 15

The systematic rationale for moving from data to claim.

Question 16

Claim

Answer 16

The explicit appeal produced by an argument.

Question 17

Particular audience

Answer 17

The audience that is physically present for a speech.

Question 18

Universal audience

Answer 18

All potential audience members.

Question 19

Perelman (1982)

Answer 19

Persuasion is a form of argumentation that claims validity only for a particular audience while convincing is a type of argumentation that holds true for an audience of “every rational being”

it is the audience that the speaker seeks to influence by argument