Chapter 2 Review Flashcards
The 5 Canons of Rhetoric
Invention: Locating and developing content and arguments (especially ethos, pathos, and logos)
Arrangement: The ordering of content
Style: Ornamental features, or word choice for clarity and effectiveness
Delivery: Speaker’s vocal qualities and physical movements
Memory: Considerations related to recall
Artistic proofs are content created by the rhetor (i.e., the speaker), as opposed to evidence given by the situation
Ethos: Calling forth one’s credibility
Pathos: Motivational arguments
Logos: Reasoning appeals, such as inductive and deductive arguments
GORGIAS
Famous Sophist who taught the power of language – that the magic of words has the power to entrance and move one’s thought
Sophists
A group of teachers in ancient Greece whose subject matter included rhetoric. The Sophists believed that truth and morality were relative.
ISOCRATES
*Practical philosophy: Life is uncertain, but rhetorical teaching can help us make sound judgments
*Was quite nationalistic, and viewed rhetoric as a civilizing force
PLATO
Believed in absolute truth and viewed rhetoric with skepticism
Saw danger in the power of language, specifically its manipulation in the wrong hands
Believed only those who sought true, transcendent knowledge should study rhetoric, in that they would be properly, morally guided
**We can think of Plato’s position as largely anti-democratic
ARISTOTLE
Truth needs advocates, and will prevail if equally argued.
Rhetoric focused on persuasion.
Dialectic
A philosophic method of determining truth through a series of interactions.
Aristotle cataloged various components to consider in any rhetorical circumstance
JUDICIAL or FORENSIC rhetoric: Arguing about past actions (like a courtroom)
DELIBERATIVE: Future actions (like passing laws/policy)
DEMONSTRATIVE or epideictic: Present values (rhetorics of praise and blame)
Stasis
Identifying points of divergence and arguable claims in a dispute.
CICERO
Eloquence and wisdom are intimately connected and enable political power
One key lesson: that rhetoric should inform, delight, and move.
Grand Style
Uses ornate words and features a smooth arrangement of the words.
QUINTILIAN
Era of Roman Empire, which initiated a detachment of rhetoric from (“democratic”) politics, and more so focused on style
Well-known educator who focused on how “speaking well” was central to nurturing one’s individual character
Classical Period
200 B.C.E - 5 C.E.
Pragmatic Dominant
speaker, world, listener
Aesthetic Period
1400s-1500s
speaker, listener, world
