Chapter 4 Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
Abdomen/o
Abdomen
Hem/o
Blood
Acu/o
Sudden; Sharp; Severe
Hemat/o
Blood
Adip/o
Fat
Hepat/o
Liver
Aliment/o
To nourish
Herni/o
Hernia
Amyl/o
Starch
Hydr/o
Fluid; Water
An/o
Anus
Ile/o
Ileum
Bi/o
Life
Inguin/o
Groin
Bil/i
Bile; Gall
Jejun/o
Jejunum
Bilirubin/o
Bilirubin
Labi/o
Lips
Bucc/o
Cheek
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Carcin/o
Cancerous; Cancer
Lingu/o
Tongue
Cec/o
Cecum
Lip/o
Fat
Celi/o
Belly; Abdomen
Lith/o
Stone
Cheil/o
Lip
Mandibul/o
Mandible; Lower Jaw
Chol/e
Bile; Gall
Muc/o
Mucus
Cholangi/o
Bile Vessel; Bile Duct
Necr/o
Death
Choledoch/o
Common Bile Duct
Odont/o
Tooth
Chron/o
Time
Or/o
Mouth
Cib/o
Meals
Palat/o
Palate; Roof of the Mouth
Col/o, Colon/o
Large Intestine; Colon
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Copr/o
Feces
Peritone/o
Peritoneum
Cyst/o
Urinary Bladder; Cyst; Sac of Fluid
Phag/o
Eat; Swallow
Decidu/o
Shedding
Pharyng/o
Throat; Pharynx
Dent/o, Dent/i
Tooth
Proct/o
Anus & Rectum
Dips/o
Thirst
Prote/o
Protein
Duoden/o, Duoden/i
Duodenum
Py/o
Pus
Enter/o
Small Intestine
Pylor/o
Pyloric Sphincter; Pylorus
Esophag/o
Esophagus
Radi/o
X-ray; Radius; Radioactivity
Faci/o
Face
Rect/o
Rectum
Gastr/o
Stomach
Rug/o
Wrinkle or Fold
Gingiv/o
Gums
Sial/o
Saliva; Salivary
Gloss/o
Tongue
Sialaden/o
Salivary Gland
Gluc/o
Sugar
Steat/o
Fat; Sebum
Glyc/o
Sugar
Stomat/o
Mouth
Glycogen/o
Glycogen
Trich/o
Hair
Gnath/o
Jaw
Vill/i
Tuft of Hair; Thread-like Projection for Membrane
a-, an-
no; not; without
mega-
large
ante-
before; forward
meta-
change; beyond
anti-
against
neo-
new
brachy-
short
para-
near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of
de-
lack of; down; less; removal of
peri-
surrounding; around
dys-
bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
poly-
many; much
endo-
in; within
post-
after; behind
hyper-
above; excessive
pre-
before; in front of
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
pro-
before; forward
mal-
bad
sub-
under; below
-al, -ar, -eal, -ic, -ary, -ous
pertaining to
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
-ase
enzyme
-opsy
view of
-ation
process; condition
-orexia
appetite
-blast
immature; embryonic
-ose
full of; pertaining to; sugar
-cele
hernia
-osis
abnormal condition
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
-otic
pertaining to the abnormal condition
-chezia
defecation; elimation of waste
-pepsia
digestion
-cyte
cell
-pexy
surgical fixation; to put in place
-ectasis, -ectasia
stretching; dilation; dilatation
-phagia
eating; swallowing
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-plasty
surgical repair
-emesis
vomiting
-prandial
meal
-emia
blood condition
-ptyalo
spit; saliva
-emic
pertaining to a blood condition
-ptysis
spitting
-gen
producing; forming
-rrhaphy
suture
-genesis
producing; forming
-rrhea
flow; discharge
-graph
instrument for recording
-scope
instrument for visual examination
-graphy
process of recording
-scopy
visual examination
-ia
condition
-spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of muscles
-iasis
abnormal condition
-stasis
stopping; controlling
-ion
process
-stalsis
contraction
-ism
process; condition
-stenosis
tightening; narrowing; stricture
-itis
inflammation
-stomy
new opening to the outside of the body
-lithiasis
abnormal condition of stones
-tomy
incision; process of cutting
-logy
study of
-tresia
opening
-lysis
breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
-um
structure; tissue; thing; pertaining to
-megaly
enlargement
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
inj
injection
Alk. phos.
Alkaline phosphatase (liver enzyme)
L (l)
Liter
ALT
Alanine aminotransferase (liver enzyme)
LDA/RDA
Left Displaced Abomasum/Right Displaced Abomasum
cc
cubic centimeter
mEq
milliequivalents
GDV
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus
mg
milligram
GI
Gastrointestinal
ml
milliliter
g or gm
gram
mm
millimeter
gr
grain
NG tube
Nasogastric tube
gtt
drops (only for fluids)
NPO
nothing by mouth (nil per os)
H.G.E.
Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
oz
ounce
IC
Intracardiac
pc
after meals (post cibum)
ID
Intradermal
PO
by mouth (per os)
IM
Intramuscular
SQ
Subcutaneous (Sub Q)
IV
Intravenous
#
Pounds
IVC
Intravenous Catheter
kg
Kilograms
Incisor (I)
teeth used for shearing & grooming
Canine (C)
teeth have a tearing function (fangs)
Premolar (P)
teeth have a tearing & grinding functiion
Molar (M)
teeth have a grinding function
Dental formula for Dog
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42
Dental formula for Cat
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30
Dental formula for Horse
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3) = 40-42
Alveolus
tooth socket; alveolar bone
Crown
portion of tooth above the gum line; supragingival
Root
portion of tooth below gum line; subgingival
Enamel
white, hard, outer covering of tooth that protects the crown; hardest substance in body
Dentin
hard tissue of teeth between the enamel & pulp cavity
Gingiva (gums)
mucous membranes surrounding the teeth & lining the mouth
Gingival sulcus
area between the tooth & gums
Pulp cavity
sensitive cavity in the tooth containing blood supply & nerves
Periodontal ligament
connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone
Cementum
bone-like connective tissue that covers the root
Root canal
portion of the pulp cavity extending from the pulp chamber to the apical foramen (opening at the distal aspect of the tooth)
Abscess
localized collection of pus
Bruxism
grinding of teeth; common in cattle
Deciduous teeth
temporary teeth (baby teeth)
Dental calculus
also known as dental tarter, mineralized plaque that forms on the teeth
Dental Caries
tooth decay
Epulis
benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes
Extraction
act of pulling teeth
Gingival hyperplasia
excessive development of gums due to increased cell numbers
Hard palate
front part of the roof of the mouth, contains rugae
Malocclusion
abnormal position of teeth that results in faulty meeting of the teeth or jaws
Occlusion
relation of the teeth of both jaws during functional activity (biting)
Oronasal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway between the mouth & nose
Fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway that can occur anywhere on the body
Palate
roof of mouth
Palatoschisis
cleft palate
Papillae
small, raised bumps on tongue containing taste buds
Periodontal disease
inflammation & degeneration of the tissue surrounding & supporting the teeth (periodontitis or pyorrhea)
Plaque
collection of bacteria, salivary products & white blood cells that adheres to the surface of teeth
Rugae
ridges on hard palate & lining of stomach to increase surface area for absorption & secretion
Saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
Salivary glands
glands around the mouth that secrete saliva
three sets: parotid, mandibular, & sublingual
Salivary mucocele
collection of saliva that has leaked out from damaged salivary glands causing masses in the mouth
Soft palate
smooth, back portion of the roof of the mouth
Cardiac sphincter
valve between esophagus & stomach
Pharynx
throat, connects oral cavity to esophagus & trachea
Epiglottis
leaf-like piece of cartilage that covers the trachea to prevent food from going down
Trachea
connects pharynx to respiratory system
Esophagus
runs from pharynx to the stomach
Fundus
cranial, rounded portion of the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
valve between the stomach & duodenum
Pylorus (antrum)
caudal portion of the stomach
Oral Cavity
where food enters; consists of lips, mouth, cheeks, teeth, tongue, & salivary glands
Rumen
largest compartment of ruminant stomach where fermentation takes place
Fermentation
process of breaking down organic compounds into simpler substances
Reticulum
small, most cranial portion of ruminant stomach lined w/ mucous membranes in a hexagon pattern (honeycomb)
small food particles are collected to be transferred to the omasum
Omasum
3rd & smallest of compartments of ruminant stomach (bible)
inside are folds of tightly packed papillae used for grinding food, folds help increase surface area for absorption
Abomasum
4th & final compartment of ruminant stomach, considered the true stomach & contains digestive enzymes & hydrochloric acid to break down food
Small intestine
absorbs nutrients into bloodstream through villi
made of 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
Villi
small finger like projections lining the inside of the small intestine, absorb nutrients into the blood stream
Large intestine
used for elimination
consists of cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum & anus
Prebiotics
plant fiber that the stomach is unable to digest, goes to intestines & nourishes normal bacteria
Probiotics
living bacteria used to increase the population of normal flora
Liver
largest organ in the abdomen; responsible for synthesizing protein & bile, maintaning blood sugar & detoxifying blood
Gallbladder
sac under the liver that stores bile produced by liver, sends bile to duodenum for digestion
Pancreas
organ under the stomach, produces digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, & trypsin, insulin & glucagon
Amylase
breaks down starch
Lipase
digests fat
Trypsin
digests protein
Absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream
Alimentary tract
organs associated w/ passage of food from the mouth to the anus, gastrointestinal tract
Amino acids
building blocks of proteins that are produced w/ ingestion of protein
Anal sacs
pair of sacs between internal & external anal sphincters, lined w/ glands that secrete a malodorous material
animals express them during defecation for marking, or from fear
Anus
opening from the GI tract to the outside of the body
Bile
digestive juice produced in the liver& stored in the gallbladder, aids in breakdown of fats
Bilirubin
metabolite of hemoglobin breakdown; pigment released by the liver in bile
Bolus
rounded mass of food; preparation ready to be swallowed in pharmacuticals
Bowel
intestine
Cecum
small, blind sac where the small & large intestines meet; site of fermentation in horses & rabbits
Colon
large intestine; cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, & rectum
Common bile duct
carries bile from the liver & gallbladder to the duodenum
Defecation
passage of feces from the anus to the outside of the body; elimination
Deglutition
swallowing
Diverticulum
pouch occurring on the wall of tubular organs of the GI tract
Duodenum
first part of the small intestine where absorption takes place
Emulsification
breakdown of large fat globules into smaller globules
Enzymes
chemicals that speed up a reaction
Feces
stool; solid wastes
Flatulence
presence of gas in the stomach & intestines; flatus
Glucose
simple sugar
Gluconeogenesis
production of glucose in the liver using fats & proteins
Glycogen
form of glucose stored in the liver; starch
Glycogenolysis
glycogen is converted back into glucose in the liver when the patient becomes hypoglycemic
Hydrochloric acid
produced in the stomach to digest food
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine
Labia
lips; singular is labium
Mastication
chewing
Mesentery
membranous sheet that holds the organs of the abdominal cavity in place
contains blood vessels & lymph nodes
Mucosa
mucous membrane
Nutrients
substances that are necessary for normal body function
Omentum
fold of peritoneum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the other organs in the abdominal cavity
absorbs excess fluid & adheres to wounds to act as the body’s natural band-aid
Parenchma
tissue composed of the essential cells of any organ
Peristalsis
wave-like contractions of the tubes of the GI tract
Rectum
last portion of the colon
Ruminant stomach
specialized four compartment stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, & abomasum
Sphincter
group of ring-like muscles that can contract in diameter
Tongue
muscular organ on the floor of the mouth
Achalasia
inability to relax the smooth muscles of the GI tract; most often associated w/ th eesophagus
Activated charcoal
substance administered orally after accidental ingestion of a toxic substance, after vomiting is induced it’s used to coat the GI tract to prevent further absorption of remaining toxins
Anal sacculitis
inflammation of the anal sacs, are prone to abscesses, blockage, & infections
Anastomosis
surgical connection between two tubes
Anorexia
lack of appetite
Antidiarrheal
substance given to counteract diarrhea
Antiemetic
substance given to counteract vomiting
Ascites (hydrops)
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Atresia
closure of a normal body opening
Barium study
barium test; introduction of contrast material to evaluate GI tract w/ series of x-rays
Borborygmus
rumbling noises caused by movement of gas or fluid through GI tract
Cachexia
general ill health & malnutrition (usually due to cancer)
Cirrhosis
degenerative disease in which the liver cells are replaced w/ scar tissue
Colic
acute abdominal pain
Constipation
difficulty passing feces
Coprophagia
ingestion of feces
Diarrhea
rapid movement of feces through GI tract; loose, watery stool
Displaced abomasum
abomasum becomes trapped under rumen to the right or left side
Diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticulum
Drench
give medication in liquid form by mouth & forcing animal to drink
Emaciation
marked wasting or excessive leaness
Emesis
vomiting; forceable expulsion of stomach contents through mouth
Emetic
substance to induce vomiting
Enema
introduction of fluid into rectum to promote pooping
Eructation
belch
Esophageal atresia
closure of the opening of esophagus
Gastric dilatation
abnormal condition where the stomach fills w/ air & expands; common in large breed dogs
Gastric dilatation volulus (bloat)
abnormal condition where stomach fills w/ air, expands, & twists on itself
Gavage
forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into stomach
Hematochezia
bright, red, fresh blood from the rectum
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
acute condition in dogs causing vomiting & bloody diarrhea leading to dehydration, heart failure, & death
Hepatic lipidosis
accumulation of fat in liver that leads to liver damage
Hiatal hernia
protrusion of a structure, usually the stomach, through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
Idiopathic
when the cause of disease isn’t known or understood
Inappetence
lack of appetite
Incontinence
inability to control excretory function (pooping/peeing)
Intussusception
telescoping of the intestines (intestines eating themselves)
Jaundice
yellowish-orange coloring of skin & mucous membranes due to excessive bilirubin in blood
Icterus
yellowish-orange coloring of plasma due to excessive bilirubin
Lethargy
condition of drowsiness or indifference
Malabsorption
impaired absorption of nutrients in the duodenum
Maldigestion (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency)
inability to digest food due to lack of enzymes
Malaise
vague feeling of bodily discomfort
Megaesophagus
enlargement of esophagus
Megacolon
enlargement of colon
Melena
black, tarry stool; blood in feces, from small intestines since it has been digested
Nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube from the nose to the stomach
Nausea
upset stomach & tendency to vomit
Obese
excessive fat accumulation in the body
Obstipation
inability to eliminate
Obstruction
complete stoppage or impairment of passage
Orogastric intubation
placement of a tube from the mouth to the stomach
Palpation
method of examining the internal body by touching & feeling
Parenteral
route of administration other than oral
Pica
eating or licking abnormal substances; depraved appetite
Pneumocolon
air in the colon; procedure that puts air in the colon for diagnosis
Portosystemic shunt
condition is which the blood vessels bypass liver & blood isn’t detoxified
Regurgitate
passive event where swallowed food is returned to the oral cavity
Rumen fistula
procedure where a canula is placed on the side of a cow for access to digestive contents in rumen
Scours
diarrhea in livestock
Shunt
to bypass or divert
Spasm
sudden, involuntary contraction
Stasis
stopping, or controlling
Steatorrhea
fat in feces
Stenosis
tightening, narrowing, or stricture
Stoma
incised opening that is kept open for drainage & other purposes
Tenesmus
ineffectual & painful straining at defecation & urination
Torsion
axial twist; twisting around the long axis of the gut
Trichobezoar
hairball
Ulcer
erosion of the skin & mucous membranes
Ultrasound
diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue
Volvulus
twisting on itself
