Chapter 4 Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
1
Q
Abdomen/o
A
Abdomen
2
Q
Hem/o
A
Blood
3
Q
Acu/o
A
Sudden; Sharp; Severe
4
Q
Hemat/o
A
Blood
5
Q
Adip/o
A
Fat
6
Q
Hepat/o
A
Liver
7
Q
Aliment/o
A
To nourish
8
Q
Herni/o
A
Hernia
9
Q
Amyl/o
A
Starch
10
Q
Hydr/o
A
Fluid; Water
11
Q
An/o
A
Anus
12
Q
Ile/o
A
Ileum
13
Q
Bi/o
A
Life
14
Q
Inguin/o
A
Groin
15
Q
Bil/i
A
Bile; Gall
16
Q
Jejun/o
A
Jejunum
17
Q
Bilirubin/o
A
Bilirubin
18
Q
Labi/o
A
Lips
19
Q
Bucc/o
A
Cheek
20
Q
Lapar/o
A
Abdomen
21
Q
Carcin/o
A
Cancerous; Cancer
22
Q
Lingu/o
A
Tongue
23
Q
Cec/o
A
Cecum
24
Q
Lip/o
A
Fat
25
Celi/o
Belly; Abdomen
26
Lith/o
Stone
27
Cheil/o
Lip
28
Mandibul/o
Mandible; Lower Jaw
29
Chol/e
Bile; Gall
30
Muc/o
Mucus
31
Cholangi/o
Bile Vessel; Bile Duct
32
Necr/o
Death
33
Choledoch/o
Common Bile Duct
34
Odont/o
Tooth
35
Chron/o
Time
36
Or/o
Mouth
37
Cib/o
Meals
38
Palat/o
Palate; Roof of the Mouth
39
Col/o, Colon/o
Large Intestine; Colon
40
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
41
Copr/o
Feces
42
Peritone/o
Peritoneum
43
Cyst/o
Urinary Bladder; Cyst; Sac of Fluid
44
Phag/o
Eat; Swallow
45
Decidu/o
Shedding
46
Pharyng/o
Throat; Pharynx
47
Dent/o, Dent/i
Tooth
48
Proct/o
Anus & Rectum
49
Dips/o
Thirst
50
Prote/o
Protein
51
Duoden/o, Duoden/i
Duodenum
52
Py/o
Pus
53
Enter/o
Small Intestine
54
Pylor/o
Pyloric Sphincter; Pylorus
55
Esophag/o
Esophagus
56
Radi/o
X-ray; Radius; Radioactivity
57
Faci/o
Face
58
Rect/o
Rectum
59
Gastr/o
Stomach
60
Rug/o
Wrinkle or Fold
61
Gingiv/o
Gums
62
Sial/o
Saliva; Salivary
63
Gloss/o
Tongue
64
Sialaden/o
Salivary Gland
65
Gluc/o
Sugar
66
Steat/o
Fat; Sebum
67
Glyc/o
Sugar
68
Stomat/o
Mouth
69
Glycogen/o
Glycogen
70
Trich/o
Hair
71
Gnath/o
Jaw
72
Vill/i
Tuft of Hair; Thread-like Projection for Membrane
73
a-, an-
no; not; without
74
mega-
large
75
ante-
before; forward
76
meta-
change; beyond
77
anti-
against
78
neo-
new
79
brachy-
short
80
para-
near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of
81
de-
lack of; down; less; removal of
82
peri-
surrounding; around
83
dys-
bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
84
poly-
many; much
85
endo-
in; within
86
post-
after; behind
87
hyper-
above; excessive
88
pre-
before; in front of
89
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
90
pro-
before; forward
91
mal-
bad
92
sub-
under; below
93
-al, -ar, -eal, -ic, -ary, -ous
pertaining to
94
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
95
-ase
enzyme
96
-opsy
view of
97
-ation
process; condition
98
-orexia
appetite
99
-blast
immature; embryonic
100
-ose
full of; pertaining to; sugar
101
-cele
hernia
102
-osis
abnormal condition
103
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
104
-otic
pertaining to the abnormal condition
105
-chezia
defecation; elimation of waste
106
-pepsia
digestion
107
-cyte
cell
108
-pexy
surgical fixation; to put in place
109
-ectasis, -ectasia
stretching; dilation; dilatation
110
-phagia
eating; swallowing
111
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
112
-plasty
surgical repair
113
-emesis
vomiting
114
-prandial
meal
115
-emia
blood condition
116
-ptyalo
spit; saliva
117
-emic
pertaining to a blood condition
118
-ptysis
spitting
119
-gen
producing; forming
120
-rrhaphy
suture
121
-genesis
producing; forming
122
-rrhea
flow; discharge
123
-graph
instrument for recording
124
-scope
instrument for visual examination
125
-graphy
process of recording
126
-scopy
visual examination
127
-ia
condition
128
-spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of muscles
129
-iasis
abnormal condition
130
-stasis
stopping; controlling
131
-ion
process
132
-stalsis
contraction
133
-ism
process; condition
134
-stenosis
tightening; narrowing; stricture
135
-itis
inflammation
136
-stomy
new opening to the outside of the body
137
-lithiasis
abnormal condition of stones
138
-tomy
incision; process of cutting
139
-logy
study of
140
-tresia
opening
141
-lysis
breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
142
-um
structure; tissue; thing; pertaining to
143
-megaly
enlargement
144
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
145
inj
injection
146
Alk. phos.
Alkaline phosphatase (liver enzyme)
147
L (l)
Liter
148
ALT
Alanine aminotransferase (liver enzyme)
149
LDA/RDA
Left Displaced Abomasum/Right Displaced Abomasum
150
cc
cubic centimeter
151
mEq
milliequivalents
152
GDV
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus
153
mg
milligram
154
GI
Gastrointestinal
155
ml
milliliter
156
g or gm
gram
157
mm
millimeter
158
gr
grain
159
NG tube
Nasogastric tube
160
gtt
drops (only for fluids)
161
NPO
nothing by mouth (nil per os)
162
H.G.E.
Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
163
oz
ounce
164
IC
Intracardiac
165
pc
after meals (post cibum)
166
ID
Intradermal
167
PO
by mouth (per os)
168
IM
Intramuscular
169
SQ
Subcutaneous (Sub Q)
170
IV
Intravenous
171
#
Pounds
172
IVC
Intravenous Catheter
173
kg
Kilograms
174
Incisor (I)
teeth used for shearing & grooming
175
Canine (C)
teeth have a tearing function (fangs)
176
Premolar (P)
teeth have a tearing & grinding functiion
177
Molar (M)
teeth have a grinding function
178
Dental formula for Dog
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42
179
Dental formula for Cat
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30
180
Dental formula for Horse
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 3/3) = 40-42
181
Alveolus
tooth socket; alveolar bone
182
Crown
portion of tooth above the gum line; supragingival
183
Root
portion of tooth below gum line; subgingival
184
Enamel
white, hard, outer covering of tooth that protects the crown; hardest substance in body
185
Dentin
hard tissue of teeth between the enamel & pulp cavity
186
Gingiva (gums)
mucous membranes surrounding the teeth & lining the mouth
187
Gingival sulcus
area between the tooth & gums
188
Pulp cavity
sensitive cavity in the tooth containing blood supply & nerves
189
Periodontal ligament
connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone
190
Cementum
bone-like connective tissue that covers the root
191
Root canal
portion of the pulp cavity extending from the pulp chamber to the apical foramen (opening at the distal aspect of the tooth)
192
Abscess
localized collection of pus
193
Bruxism
grinding of teeth; common in cattle
194
Deciduous teeth
temporary teeth (baby teeth)
195
Dental calculus
also known as dental tarter, mineralized plaque that forms on the teeth
196
Dental Caries
tooth decay
197
Epulis
benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes
198
Extraction
act of pulling teeth
199
Gingival hyperplasia
excessive development of gums due to increased cell numbers
200
Hard palate
front part of the roof of the mouth, contains rugae
201
Malocclusion
abnormal position of teeth that results in faulty meeting of the teeth or jaws
202
Occlusion
relation of the teeth of both jaws during functional activity (biting)
203
Oronasal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway between the mouth & nose
204
Fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway that can occur anywhere on the body
205
Palate
roof of mouth
206
Palatoschisis
cleft palate
207
Papillae
small, raised bumps on tongue containing taste buds
208
Periodontal disease
inflammation & degeneration of the tissue surrounding & supporting the teeth (periodontitis or pyorrhea)
209
Plaque
collection of bacteria, salivary products & white blood cells that adheres to the surface of teeth
210
Rugae
ridges on hard palate & lining of stomach to increase surface area for absorption & secretion
211
Saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
212
Salivary glands
glands around the mouth that secrete saliva
| three sets: parotid, mandibular, & sublingual
213
Salivary mucocele
collection of saliva that has leaked out from damaged salivary glands causing masses in the mouth
214
Soft palate
smooth, back portion of the roof of the mouth
215
Cardiac sphincter
valve between esophagus & stomach
216
Pharynx
throat, connects oral cavity to esophagus & trachea
217
Epiglottis
leaf-like piece of cartilage that covers the trachea to prevent food from going down
218
Trachea
connects pharynx to respiratory system
219
Esophagus
runs from pharynx to the stomach
220
Fundus
cranial, rounded portion of the stomach
221
Pyloric sphincter
valve between the stomach & duodenum
222
Pylorus (antrum)
caudal portion of the stomach
223
Oral Cavity
where food enters; consists of lips, mouth, cheeks, teeth, tongue, & salivary glands
224
Rumen
largest compartment of ruminant stomach where fermentation takes place
225
Fermentation
process of breaking down organic compounds into simpler substances
226
Reticulum
small, most cranial portion of ruminant stomach lined w/ mucous membranes in a hexagon pattern (honeycomb)
small food particles are collected to be transferred to the omasum
227
Omasum
3rd & smallest of compartments of ruminant stomach (bible)
inside are folds of tightly packed papillae used for grinding food, folds help increase surface area for absorption
228
Abomasum
4th & final compartment of ruminant stomach, considered the true stomach & contains digestive enzymes & hydrochloric acid to break down food
229
Small intestine
absorbs nutrients into bloodstream through villi
| made of 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
230
Villi
small finger like projections lining the inside of the small intestine, absorb nutrients into the blood stream
231
Large intestine
used for elimination
| consists of cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum & anus
232
Prebiotics
plant fiber that the stomach is unable to digest, goes to intestines & nourishes normal bacteria
233
Probiotics
living bacteria used to increase the population of normal flora
234
Liver
largest organ in the abdomen; responsible for synthesizing protein & bile, maintaning blood sugar & detoxifying blood
235
Gallbladder
sac under the liver that stores bile produced by liver, sends bile to duodenum for digestion
236
Pancreas
organ under the stomach, produces digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, & trypsin, insulin & glucagon
237
Amylase
breaks down starch
238
Lipase
digests fat
239
Trypsin
digests protein
240
Absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream
241
Alimentary tract
organs associated w/ passage of food from the mouth to the anus, gastrointestinal tract
242
Amino acids
building blocks of proteins that are produced w/ ingestion of protein
243
Anal sacs
pair of sacs between internal & external anal sphincters, lined w/ glands that secrete a malodorous material
animals express them during defecation for marking, or from fear
244
Anus
opening from the GI tract to the outside of the body
245
Bile
digestive juice produced in the liver& stored in the gallbladder, aids in breakdown of fats
246
Bilirubin
metabolite of hemoglobin breakdown; pigment released by the liver in bile
247
Bolus
rounded mass of food; preparation ready to be swallowed in pharmacuticals
248
Bowel
intestine
249
Cecum
small, blind sac where the small & large intestines meet; site of fermentation in horses & rabbits
250
Colon
large intestine; cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, & rectum
251
Common bile duct
carries bile from the liver & gallbladder to the duodenum
252
Defecation
passage of feces from the anus to the outside of the body; elimination
253
Deglutition
swallowing
254
Diverticulum
pouch occurring on the wall of tubular organs of the GI tract
255
Duodenum
first part of the small intestine where absorption takes place
256
Emulsification
breakdown of large fat globules into smaller globules
257
Enzymes
chemicals that speed up a reaction
258
Feces
stool; solid wastes
259
Flatulence
presence of gas in the stomach & intestines; flatus
260
Glucose
simple sugar
261
Gluconeogenesis
production of glucose in the liver using fats & proteins
262
Glycogen
form of glucose stored in the liver; starch
263
Glycogenolysis
glycogen is converted back into glucose in the liver when the patient becomes hypoglycemic
264
Hydrochloric acid
produced in the stomach to digest food
265
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine
266
Labia
lips; singular is labium
267
Mastication
chewing
268
Mesentery
membranous sheet that holds the organs of the abdominal cavity in place
contains blood vessels & lymph nodes
269
Mucosa
mucous membrane
270
Nutrients
substances that are necessary for normal body function
271
Omentum
fold of peritoneum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the other organs in the abdominal cavity
absorbs excess fluid & adheres to wounds to act as the body's natural band-aid
272
Parenchma
tissue composed of the essential cells of any organ
273
Peristalsis
wave-like contractions of the tubes of the GI tract
274
Rectum
last portion of the colon
275
Ruminant stomach
specialized four compartment stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, & abomasum
276
Sphincter
group of ring-like muscles that can contract in diameter
277
Tongue
muscular organ on the floor of the mouth
278
Achalasia
inability to relax the smooth muscles of the GI tract; most often associated w/ th eesophagus
279
Activated charcoal
substance administered orally after accidental ingestion of a toxic substance, after vomiting is induced it's used to coat the GI tract to prevent further absorption of remaining toxins
280
Anal sacculitis
inflammation of the anal sacs, are prone to abscesses, blockage, & infections
281
Anastomosis
surgical connection between two tubes
282
Anorexia
lack of appetite
283
Antidiarrheal
substance given to counteract diarrhea
284
Antiemetic
substance given to counteract vomiting
285
Ascites (hydrops)
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
286
Atresia
closure of a normal body opening
287
Barium study
barium test; introduction of contrast material to evaluate GI tract w/ series of x-rays
288
Borborygmus
rumbling noises caused by movement of gas or fluid through GI tract
289
Cachexia
general ill health & malnutrition (usually due to cancer)
290
Cirrhosis
degenerative disease in which the liver cells are replaced w/ scar tissue
291
Colic
acute abdominal pain
292
Constipation
difficulty passing feces
293
Coprophagia
ingestion of feces
294
Diarrhea
rapid movement of feces through GI tract; loose, watery stool
295
Displaced abomasum
abomasum becomes trapped under rumen to the right or left side
296
Diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticulum
297
Drench
give medication in liquid form by mouth & forcing animal to drink
298
Emaciation
marked wasting or excessive leaness
299
Emesis
vomiting; forceable expulsion of stomach contents through mouth
300
Emetic
substance to induce vomiting
301
Enema
introduction of fluid into rectum to promote pooping
302
Eructation
belch
303
Esophageal atresia
closure of the opening of esophagus
304
Gastric dilatation
abnormal condition where the stomach fills w/ air & expands; common in large breed dogs
305
Gastric dilatation volulus (bloat)
abnormal condition where stomach fills w/ air, expands, & twists on itself
306
Gavage
forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into stomach
307
Hematochezia
bright, red, fresh blood from the rectum
308
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
acute condition in dogs causing vomiting & bloody diarrhea leading to dehydration, heart failure, & death
309
Hepatic lipidosis
accumulation of fat in liver that leads to liver damage
310
Hiatal hernia
protrusion of a structure, usually the stomach, through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
311
Idiopathic
when the cause of disease isn't known or understood
312
Inappetence
lack of appetite
313
Incontinence
inability to control excretory function (pooping/peeing)
314
Intussusception
telescoping of the intestines (intestines eating themselves)
315
Jaundice
yellowish-orange coloring of skin & mucous membranes due to excessive bilirubin in blood
316
Icterus
yellowish-orange coloring of plasma due to excessive bilirubin
317
Lethargy
condition of drowsiness or indifference
318
Malabsorption
impaired absorption of nutrients in the duodenum
319
Maldigestion (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency)
inability to digest food due to lack of enzymes
320
Malaise
vague feeling of bodily discomfort
321
Megaesophagus
enlargement of esophagus
322
Megacolon
enlargement of colon
323
Melena
black, tarry stool; blood in feces, from small intestines since it has been digested
324
Nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube from the nose to the stomach
325
Nausea
upset stomach & tendency to vomit
326
Obese
excessive fat accumulation in the body
327
Obstipation
inability to eliminate
328
Obstruction
complete stoppage or impairment of passage
329
Orogastric intubation
placement of a tube from the mouth to the stomach
330
Palpation
method of examining the internal body by touching & feeling
331
Parenteral
route of administration other than oral
332
Pica
eating or licking abnormal substances; depraved appetite
333
Pneumocolon
air in the colon; procedure that puts air in the colon for diagnosis
334
Portosystemic shunt
condition is which the blood vessels bypass liver & blood isn't detoxified
335
Regurgitate
passive event where swallowed food is returned to the oral cavity
336
Rumen fistula
procedure where a canula is placed on the side of a cow for access to digestive contents in rumen
337
Scours
diarrhea in livestock
338
Shunt
to bypass or divert
339
Spasm
sudden, involuntary contraction
340
Stasis
stopping, or controlling
341
Steatorrhea
fat in feces
342
Stenosis
tightening, narrowing, or stricture
343
Stoma
incised opening that is kept open for drainage & other purposes
344
Tenesmus
ineffectual & painful straining at defecation & urination
345
Torsion
axial twist; twisting around the long axis of the gut
346
Trichobezoar
hairball
347
Ulcer
erosion of the skin & mucous membranes
348
Ultrasound
diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue
349
Volvulus
twisting on itself
