Chapter 4 - Ecology

Question 1

day to day condition of earth’s atmosphere

Answer 1

weather

Question 2

average year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a certain region

Answer 2

climate

Question 3

When CO2 and methane trap heat in the atmosphere to maintain Earth’s temperature range

Answer 3

greenhouse effect

Question 4

cold areas where the sun’s rays hit Earth at a very shallow angle. around the north and south poles

Answer 4

polar zones

Question 5

sit between polar and tropical zones. ranges from hot to cold because the sun strikes them more often

Answer 5

temperate zones

Question 6

near the equator. always get sun/direct sunlight.

Answer 6

tropical zones (tropics)

Question 7

all the living things an organism might interact with in an ecosystem. or in an ecological community.

Answer 7

biotic factors

Question 8

all of the nonliving things that shape an ecosystem

Answer 8

abiotic factors

Question 9

includes both biotic and abiotic factors. this is the area in which an organism lives.

Answer 9

habitat

Question 10

all of the conditions an organism lives in and the way it uses those conditions.

Answer 10

niche

Question 11

any necessity of life. (water, nutrients, shelter)

Answer 11

resource

Question 12

states that “no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.” if they try, one species will perish.

Answer 12

competition exclusion principle

Question 13

When one organism captures and feeds on another organism

Answer 13

predation

Question 14

relationship between two species that live together. there are three types of this.

Answer 14

symbiosis

Question 15

both species benefit from this relationship

Answer 15

mutualism

Question 16

only one species benefits, while the other isn’t helped or harmed in this relationship.

Answer 16

commensalism

Question 17

one organism lives inside another and harms it. The harmed species is called the host.

Answer 17

parasitism

Question 18

The series of predictable changes within a community caused by natural or human disturbances.

Answer 18

ecological succession

Question 19

On land, this is succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.

Answer 19

Primary Succession

Question 20

The first species that inhabits the area where primary succession occurs.

Answer 20

Pioneer Species

Question 21

Another name for pioneer species

Answer 21

Lichens (Lie-kenz)

Question 22

Usually occurs after wildfires have burned through woodlands and when farming land is abandoned. It can also be caused by human interactions.

Answer 22

Secondary Succession

Question 23

A group of communities that have the same dominant species and climate.

Answer 23

Biome

Question 24

The ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their original conditions.

Answer 24

Tolerance

Question 25

The climate in a small area that differs from that of the area around it.

Answer 25

Microclimate

Question 26

A dense covering of trees in a rainforest.

Answer 26

Canopy

Question 27

The second layer of growth underneath the canopy that inlcudes vines and shorter trees.

Answer 27

Understory

Question 28

A type of tree that loses its leaves at a specific time every year.

Answer 28

Deciduous

Question 29

Trees that have seed bearing cones.

Answer 29

Coniferous (Conifers)

Question 30

Found in soils of temperate forests, it is material created from the decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes the soil fertile.

Answer 30

Humus

Question 31

Along the northern edge of the temperate zone, there are dense evergreens and coniferous trees. This biome has cold winters, and decent summers.

Answer 31

Taiga (Boreal Forest)

Question 32

Layer of permanently frozen subsoil.

Answer 32

Permafrost

Question 33

Tiny free-floating organisms that live in both fresh and salt water.

Answer 33

Plankton

Question 34

Unicellular algae that are supported by the nutrients in water, and are the base of many aquatic food webs.

Answer 34

Phytoplankton

Question 35

Planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton.

Answer 35

Zooplankton.

Question 36

An ecosystem where water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.

Answer 36

Wetland

Question 37

Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. Contain a mixture of fresh and salt water.

Answer 37

Estuaries (Estuary - singular)

Question 38

Made of of tiny pieces of organic material that feeds many organisms at the base of the estuary’s food web.

Answer 38

Detritus

Question 39

Temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by underwater sea grasses.

Answer 39

Salt marshes

Question 40

Widespread around tropical areas like Hawaii. There live salt-tolerant trees.

Answer 40

Mangrove Swamps

Question 41

The first 200-meter layer of the ocean where photosynthesis can still occurs.

Answer 41

Photic Zone

Question 42

Below the photic zone where it is permanently dark. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can survive in this zone.

Answer 42

Aphotic Zone

Question 43

Prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in the same habitat. The specific levels at which groups of organisms live.

Answer 43

Zonation

Question 44

Extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf (the shallow border that surrounds the continents).

Answer 44

Coastal Ocean

Question 45

This forest’s dominant organism is a giant brown alga that can grow at extrodinary rates.

Answer 45

Kelp Forests