Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

Single building block of chemicals

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Multiple building blocks that make a chemical

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Elemental footprint: CHO; Ratio: 1-2-1, Example: Glucose: C6H12O6. 4cal/g

Question 4

Macro Molecules

Answer 4

Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids

Question 5

Monosaccharide

Answer 5

Single Sugar - glucose(plant), fructose(fruit), galactose(animals). This is a carbohydrate

Question 6

Disaccharide

Answer 6

2 single sugars bonded together - carbohydrate

Question 7

Glucose+Fructose =
This is a disaccharide

Answer 7

Sucrose

Question 8

Glucose+Galactose=
This is a disaccharide

Answer 8

Lactose- Milk Sucrose

Question 9

Polysaccharide

Answer 9

Multiple Sugars - carbohydrate

Question 10

Starch

Answer 10

Polysaccharide- Plant sugar

Question 11

Glycogen

Answer 11

Polysaccharide- Animal sugar ( liver and muscles)

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

Polysaccharide- Cell wall

Question 13

Chitin

Answer 13

Polysaccharide- Exoskeleton

Question 14

Lipid

Answer 14

Macro Molecule- 9 cal/g, Elemental Footprint: CHO

Question 15

Functions of a Lipid

Answer 15

Storage/Energy, Warmth, Cell Membranes, Protection

Question 16

Lipid Steroids:

Answer 16

Waxes

Question 17

Types of fat:

Answer 17

Saturated Fat, Unsaturated Fat, Monounsaturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat, Transfat

Question 18

Saturated Fat:

Answer 18

Fat fully bonded to Hydrogen; this exists in animals and is solid at room temperature

Question 19

Unsaturated Fat:

Answer 19

Liquid at room temperature; plant-based

Question 20

Monounsaturated Fat:

Answer 20

Unsat. fat missing one hydrogen bond; ex. Olive Oil

Question 21

Polyunsaturated Fat:

Answer 21

Unsat. Fat missing more than one Hydrogen bond; ex. Canola Oil

Question 22

Transfat:

Answer 22

Unsat. Fat injected with Hydrogen; the hydrogen turns the fat into a solid

Question 23

Protein:

Answer 23

Elemental Footprint: CHON, built by amino acids, 4 cal/g

Question 24

Amino Acids:

Answer 24

Building Blocks of protein

Question 25

Another word for amino acids bonded together, or for protein

Answer 25

Polypeptide

Question 26

How many types of amino acids are there, and how many can your body make?

Answer 26

There are 20 types of amino acids, and our bodies can make 12 of them.

Question 27

Essential Amino Acids:

Answer 27

The 8 amino acids your body can’t make. We need to get these form food.

Question 28

Chemical Reaction:

Answer 28

A process that changes one set of chemicals into another.

Question 29

An important scientific principle regarding chemical reactions:

Answer 29

Mass and Energy are conserved during chemical reactions.

Question 30

Reactants:

Answer 30

The elements/chemicals that enter into a chemical reaction

Question 31

Products:

Answer 31

The elements/chemicals that are produced by a chemical reaction after it has occurred

Question 32

What do chemical reactions always involve?

Answer 32

The chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

Question 33

Activation Energy:

Answer 33

The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

Question 34

Catalyst:

Answer 34

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

Question 35

Enzymes:

Answer 35

Biological catalysts; they speed up chemical processes in cells by lowering the activation energy

Question 36

Substrates:

Answer 36

The thing that gets reacted on by the enzymes

Question 37

Any substance named with “ase “ the end:

Answer 37

Enzyme; ex: Lactase

Question 38

Any substance named with “ose” at the end:

Answer 38

What is broken down; ex: Lactose

Question 39

Active Site:

Answer 39

The lock in the lock-and-key mechanism; If substrates fit into the active site, the breakdown begins to commence.

Question 40

What three things affect enzymes’ performance?

Answer 40

Temperature, PH, Concentration

Question 41

Nucleic Acids:

Answer 41

Elemental Footprint: CHONP; Made up of nucleotides; Nucleic Acids make up DNA

Question 42

What is a nucleotide, and what are its ingredients?

Answer 42

Nucleotides make up nucleic acids, they contain three things: Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar (or 6), and a nitrogen base

Question 43

What do you use to test for sugar, and how do you know if it is present?

Answer 43

Benedict’s Solution, and if it turns orange, then sugar is present.

Question 44

What do you use to test for starch, and how do you know if it is present?

Answer 44

Lugol’s Iodine, and if it turns black/purple, then starch is present.

Question 45

What do you do to test for protein, and how do you know if it is present?

Answer 45

Buiret Solution, and if it turns purple, then protein is present.

Question 46

What do you do to test for lipids, and how do you know if it is present?

Answer 46

You rub the substance you’re testing on brown bag paper, and if you can see through the paper clearer than before you applied, then there are lipids present.