Chapter 4: Cultural, Legal And Ethical Considerations Flashcards
Pharmacogenomics
The study of how certain genetic traits affect drug response.
Drug polymorphism
The effect of the patients age, gender, size, body composition and other characteristics on the pharmacokinetics of specific drugs.
Prescription drug use is regulated by several different agencies including:
FDA, DEA and individual state laws.
FDA: Food and Drug Administration
Responsible for approving drugs for clinical safety and efficacy before they are brought to the market
Drug Enforcement Agency
Controlled substances/scheduled drugs
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Requires all health care providers, health and life insurance companies, public health authorities, employers, and schools to maintain patient privacy regarding health information.
New Drug Development
Has four clinical phases of investigational drug studies.
Nurse practice acts include
American nurses association and Nurse Practice Acts
Standards of care
-actions that a reasonable and prudent nurse with equivalent preparation would do under similar circumstances.
What are the ethical terms related to nursing practice?
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Confidentiality
- Justice
- Nonmaleficence
- Veracity
The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses and the International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics for Nurses..
- serve as frameworks with emphasis on ethical guidelines for nursing care
- used to ensure that the nurse is acting on behalf of the patient with the patient’s best interest at heart.
Autonomy
Self-determination and the ability to act on one’s own.
Includes promoting a patient’s decision making, supporting informed consent and assisting in decisions or making a decision when a patient is posing harm to himself or herself.
Beneficence
The ethical principle of doing or actively promoting good
Justice
The ethical principle of being fair or equal in one’s actions
Related nursing actions include ensuring fairness in distributing resources for the care of patients and determining when to treat.
Nonmaleficence
The duty to do no harm to a patient.
Related nursing actions include avoiding doing any deliberate harm while rendering nursing care.
Veracity
The duty to tell the truth.
Confidentiality
The duty to respect privilege information about a patient
Nursing negligence
The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonable prudent (cautious) nurse would render or use under similar circumstances.
What cultural factors affect drug therapy?
- Pharmacogenomics
- Drug polymorphism
- Patient adherence to drug therapy
- Economic and environmental factors (ex. Client might not be able to afford medications)
- Barriers to adequate health care for culturally diverse
Legend drugs
Another name for prescription drugs
Orphan drugs
A special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases.
Over the counter drugs
Drugs available to consumers without prescription. Also called nonprescription drugs.
Placebo effect
An inactive substance that is not a drug but is formulated to resemble a drug for research purposes.
Nursing process ..
…
controlled substances
any drugs listen on one of the “schedules” of the controlled substance act aka scheduled drugs.
Controlled Substances Schedule Categories:
C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, C-V
C-I
- abuse potential: high
- no medical use
- dependency potential: sever physical and psychological
C-II
- abuse potential: high
- medical use: accepted
- dependency potential: severe physical and psychological
C-III
- abuse potential: less than C-II
- medical use: accepted
- dependency potential: moderate to low physical or high psychological
C-IV
- abuse potential: less than C-III
- medical use: accepted
- dependency potential: limital physical or psychological
C-V
- abuse potential: less than C-IV
- medical use: accepted
- dependency potential: limital physical or psychological
