Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 306 > Antibiotics: Part 1 (Based off of PowerPoint only) > Flashcards

Antibiotics: Part 1 (Based off of PowerPoint only) Flashcards

1
Q

Sulfonamides include

A

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Others:
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethiozole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanism of Action: Sulfonamides

A
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Inhibits folic acid synthesis
  • Inhibit bacterial growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Indications for Sulfonamides

A

UTI’s
Respiratory Tract
Pneumocystis jerovecii (HIV associated pneumonia)
Infections: Skin Infections & Infections dt Staph or MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contraindications for Sulfonamides

A

Allergy to sulfa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adverse Effects of Sulfonamides

A
  • Blood: agrunolocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
  • GI: N/V/D, pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity
  • Integumentary: Epidermal necrolysis, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Photosensitivity
  • Other: Convulsions, crystalluria, toxic nephrosis, headache, peripheral neuritis, urticaria, cough.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interactions of Sulfonamides

A

• Sulfonylureas, phenytoin, and warfarin can lead to hemorrhage.
(May require frequent monitoring)
• Increases likelihood of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity
• May reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nursing Process and Patient Centered Care for Sulfonamides

A
  • Assess for drug allergies to sulfa- type drugs or sulfites (sulfonylurea), oral antidiabetic drugs and thiazide diuretics.
  • Skin assessment d/t adverse effect of Stevens-Johnsons syndrome.
  • Assess complete blood count before therapy d/t possibility of drug-related anemias/blood dyscrasias
  • Assess renal function studies such as BUN, creatinine, urinalysis d/t potential drug-related crystalluria.
  • Check pt medication and med history for manifestations of G6PD and slow acetylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Penicillins are divided into 4 groups

A
  1. Natural PCNs
  2. Aminopenicillins
  3. Penicillinase-resistant PCNS
  4. Extended spectrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Natural PCNs include

A

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aminopenicillins include

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Penicillinase-resistant PCNs include

A

Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extended Spectrum PCNs include

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Ampicillin/sulbactam
Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid
Piperacillin/tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanism of Action: PCNs

A

Bactericidal

Inhibits cell wall synthesis. How?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adverse Effects of PCNs

A

Related to drug allergies/Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
• Most common reactions are urticaria, pruritus and angioedema.
• Unpredictable reactions: maculopapular eruptions, eosinophilia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and exfoliative dermatitis.

  • CNS: Lethargy, anxiety, depression, seizures.
  • Hematologic: N/V/D taste alterations, oral candidiasis.
  • Metabolic: hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, alkalosis
  • Skin: Pruritus, hives and rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Indications for PCNs

A

Infections - depends on pathogen and PCN class: Gram + Strep, Enterococcus, Staph infections;
Gram - and anaerobes moderate to severe infections
(i.e. Piperacillin/tazobactam);
PCN for prophylaxis (i.e. Amoxicillin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contraindications for PCNs

A

Allergy (very common, incidence ~ 0.7% to 4%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Drug Interactions of PCNs

A
  • Aminoglycosides (IV) and clavulanic acid -> more effective killing of bacteria
  • Methotrexate -> decreases renal elimination of methotrexate -> increases methrotrexate levels
  • NSAIDs: compete for protein binding -> more free and active penicillin
  • Oral Contraceptives: uncertain -> may decrease efficacy of contraceptive
  • Probenecid: competes for elimination -> prolongs the effects of penicillins
  • Rifampin: inhibition -> may inhibit the killing activity of penicillins
  • Warfarin: reduced vitamin K from gut flora -> enhanced anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620) for PCNs

A

..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cephalosporins

A

First - Fifth Generations (Table 38-6, p. 610)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

First Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefazolin
Has the most gram + coverage.
Treats infections caused by gram + bacteria, penicillinase-producing organism and some gram-negative organisms.
Used for preoperative and postoperative prophylaxis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefoxitin and Cefuroxime
Treat infections. Less coverage of gram-positive organisms and greater coverage of gram-negative and anaerobic organisms.
Only generation with anaerobic coverage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins

A

Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime: Infections; more extensive coverage of gram-negative organisms, including Psuedomonas spp.
Ceftriaxone: comparable to those for ceftazidime, except for psuedomonas spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefepime
Infections
Provides more extensive coverage of gram-negative organisms and better gram-positive coverage than third-generation, including organisms causing intraabdominal infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fifth Generation Cephalosporins

A

Ceftaroline
Is broad spectrum (including MRSA) and covers gram - and gram + organisms (except for psuedomonas and acinetobacter).
Has the most gram - coverage.

25
Q

Mechanism of Action: Cephalosporins

A
  • Bactericidal
  • Disrupt bacterial cell wall -> lysis and death
  • Depends on generation, level of gram negative coverage increases as generation increases
26
Q

Indications for Cephalosporins

A

moderate to severe infections and choice of drug depends on pathogens and generation

27
Q

Contraindications for Cephalosporins

A

Allergy to cephalosporins and PCNs

Renal disease

28
Q

Adverse Effects of Cephalosporins

A

Similar to PCNs.

Most commonly reported are mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritus, redness and edema.

29
Q

Interactions of Cephalosporins

A
  • Ethanol (alcohol): Accumulation of acetaldehyde metabolite of ethanol -> acute alcohol intolerance after drinking alcoholic beverages with 72 hrs of taking cefotetan. Symptoms include stomach cramps, N/V, diaphoresis, pruritus, headache and hypotension.
  • Antacids, iron: decreases absorption of certain oral cephalorsporins -> decreased effectiveness of the drug.
  • Probenecid: decreased renal excretion -> increased cephalosporin levels
  • Oral Contraceptives: unknown -> increased risk for unintended pregnancy.
30
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620)
for Cephalosporins

A

..

31
Q

Carbapenems include

A

Imipenem/cilastatin

32
Q

Adverse Effects of Carbapenems

A

CNS (most serious: seizure esp. in elderly)

33
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620) for Carbapenems

A

..

34
Q

Mechanism of Action: Carbapenems

A

Binds to penicillin binding proteins inside bacteria, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

35
Q

Indications for Carbapenems

A

Severe infections of the skin and soft tissues, bones, joints, endocarditis, intraabdominal, respiratory
UTIs
Septicemia

36
Q

Contraindications for Carbapenems

A

Allergy to carbapenems and local anesthetics such as lidocaine
Renal Disease

37
Q

Monobactam includes

A

aztreonam

38
Q

Mechanism of Action: Monobactam

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis causing lysis

39
Q

Indications for Monobactam

A

moderate to severe infections

40
Q

Contraindications for Monobactam

A

Allergy

41
Q

Adverse Effects for Aztreonam

A

Skin and GI effects (more common)

42
Q

Interactions for Aztreonam

A

..

43
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620) for Aztreonam

A

..

44
Q

Macrolides include

A

azithromycin (Zithromax, Z-Pak)
clarithromycin (Biaxin)
dirithromycin (Dynabac)
erythromycin (E-Mycin, Erythrocin)

45
Q

Mechanism of Action: Macrolides

A
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Bactericidal in high dosage
  • Binds to 50s bacterial ribosomes, inhibit protein synthesis, suppress bacterial growth
46
Q

Indications for Macrolides

A
  • Infections of the skin and soft tissues, respiratory tract, sexually transmitted disease
  • Alternative drug for patients allergic to PCNs
  • For prophylaxis
47
Q

Contraindications for Macrolides

A

Allergies

48
Q

Adverse Effects of Macrolides

A

Refer to Table 38-8, p. 614

49
Q

Interactions of Microlides

A

..

50
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620) for Macrolides

A

..

51
Q

Tetracyclines include

A 
demeclocycline (Declomycin)
doxycycline (Vibramycin, others)
minocycline (Minocin, others)
tetracycline (sumycin, others)
tigecycline (Tygacil)
52
Q

Mechanism of Action: Tetracyclines

A

Bacteriostatic

Binds to 30s bacterial ribosomes, inhibit protein synthesis, suppress bacterial growth

53
Q

Indications for Tetracyclines

A

Infections of the skin and soft tissues (acne, gum disease), sexually transmitted disease; respiratory tract, intraabdominal

54
Q

Contraindications for Tetracyclines

A

Allergy and pregnancy

55
Q

Adverse Effects of Tetracyclines

A

GI
Bones & teeth
Superinfection (e.g. vaginal candidiasis)
Hepatotoxicity
Photosensitivity
Vestibular toxicity (dizziness, unsteadiness)

56
Q

Interactions of Tetracyclines

A

..

57
Q

Nursing Process & Patient Centered Care: Patient Teaching (pp. 617-620) for Tetracyclines

A

..

58
Q

Patient Teaching for Sulfonamides

A
  • Encourage increased in fluids, preferably water to prevent drug-related crystalluria)
  • Encourage patients to immediately report the following to the HCP: worsening ab cramps, stomach pain, diarrhea, blood in the urine, severe or worsening rash, SOB, and fever – May indicate adverse reactions to these drugs.

NURS 306 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions